秋马铃薯栽培技术

屏南县自然条件适合秋马铃薯种植,从地块选择、品种选择、整地施肥、催芽播种、田间管理、病虫害防治等方面总结了秋马铃薯高产栽培技术。     

马铃薯新品种对比试验初报

以紫花851为对照,选择5个马铃薯新品种进行对比试验,结果表明:兴佳2号和丽薯6号产量较高,综合表现较好,建议继续参试。     

马铃薯品种大西洋高产栽培技术研究

[目的]探讨密度和氮磷钾肥料不同配比对马铃薯品种大西洋产量的影响。[方法]采用4因素5水平二次回归旋转组合设计,在哈尔滨地区的土壤条件下,通过田间试验,以密度(X1)、尿素(X2)、二铵(X3)、硫酸钾(X4)4项农艺措施为决策变量,以公顷产量为目标函数,建立产量数学模型。[结果]试验表明,影响鲜薯产量的顺序是氮肥钾肥磷肥密度;经计算机模拟寻优,鲜薯产量大于28.72 t/hm2的优化组合为密度64 482~70 518穴/hm2、尿素267.23~292.21 kg/hm2、二铵232.94~277.06 kg/hm2、硫酸钾418.20~462.75 kg/hm2。[结论]研究可为黑龙江地区提高加工专用马铃薯品种大西洋的产量、改善土壤状况、防止过量施肥照成环境污染提供参考依据。     

Effect of Soil Temperature on the Carbohydrate Status in the Potato Plant (S. tuberosum L.)

Seed tubers of the variety Ostara were raised in growth chambers of 16°C air temperature continuously. The vessels were placed in a water bath of automatic temperature regulation so that soil temperatures of 16°C and 28°C could be maintained. Four weeks after emergence the plants were treated with ¹⁴CO₂ and 24 hours later the plants were harvested. Three more treatments and time harvests followed in two weeks intervals. C-14 activity was determined in soluble carbohydrates, in insoluble carbohydrates, and in non extractable residues respectively of the various plant parts in order to obtain information about the translocation of assimilates in the plant.
While the plants at 28°C soil temperature reduced the soluble sugar levels to 50% up to 70 days after emergence, the plants at 16° brought it down to 33% much faster. — The C-14 activity in insoluble carbohydrates amounted to only 50 % in the plants at 28°C while at 16°C it was more than 2/3 (Tables 1 and 2). — The C-14 activity in non extractable residues is much less at 28°C than at 16°C (Tables 3 and 4). — The starch weight reaches only 30% of the value obtained at lower temperature 70 days after emergence (Table 5). — At the higher temperature starch is also increasingly transferred to the tubers but to a much lesser extent and not from the stems and stolons (Table 6).
Possible causes, particularly the role of phytohormones, and consequences are discussed.     

Effects of Root-Zone Temperature on Growth and Development of Roots of Two Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Clones as Influenced by Plant Age, Nutrient Supply, and Light Intensity

The effects of supraoptimal root-zone temperature (30 °C) on growth and development of roots were investigated in water and soil culture with cuttings of two potato clones DTO-2 (heat tolerant) and LT-1 (heat sensitive) at different plant ages, with different compositions of the nutrient solution, and different light intensities. It is suggested that the negative relation between cutting age and heat susceptibility observed in our experiments, is a reflection of the decreasing shoot/root dry weight ratio rather than of age. Heat damage of root systems increased with the concentration of the nutrient solution, nitrate being the main factor responsible. The influence of light intensity on temperature mediated restriction of root growth was relatively small. However the roots of plants grown under low light intensity (60 W m⁻² PAR) appeared to be less stressed by supraoptimal temperature, i.e. roots appeared brighter, thinner and more ramified than plants growing at high light intensity (190 W m⁻²).     

硅对马铃薯试管苗生长及其细胞壁形成的影响

以马铃薯大西洋品种为材料，MS为基本培养基，研究硅对马铃薯组培苗生长及其细胞壁组成的影响。结果表明，植株株高、干、鲜重、生根数和根长随着硅浓度的提高而显著增加，以添加5 mmol/L硅酸效果较好；束缚水与自由水之比上升；叶绿素增多，呼吸作用减慢；细胞壁提取率显著增高，细胞壁中纤维素含量显著上升，螯合剂提取果胶含量显著下降。     

四川省马铃薯种质资源材料引进、评价及利用

引进国内外不同基因类型种质资源材料117套家系实生种籽、试管苗、早代无性系及品种材料等,经过多年培育从中直接筛出新品种3个和一批不同基因类型的主要亲本材料,创新培育2个新品种及一批新的无性系,以供育种和四川省生产应用,有的已成为四川省主栽品种。经筛选出的资源材料其基因类型丰富,具有属高抗晚疫病、病毒病以及抗其它病害,丰产性强,食口及加工品质好,耐贮、休眠性浅等不同特性,有相当利用价值,可进一步探索和应用。     

造纸黑液与马铃薯淀粉废水对沙性土壤的改良作用

[目的]研究造纸黑液和马铃薯淀粉废水混合废液对沙性土壤的改良作用，在解决废水环境污染问题的同时改善生态环境。[方法]将不同体积比的混合废液（马铃薯淀粉废水：造纸黑液=1：1，2：1，3：1，4：1，5：1）经过常温发酵30d，通过对混合废液pH变化的研究，确定最佳混合比例及混合发酵条件，并考察处理后混合废液对沙性土壤的改良效果。[结果]马铃薯淀粉废水与造纸黑液以体积比2：1比例混合，经过常温发酵15d后可得到稳定的pH接近中性的混合废液，将其以质量比1：4的比例施入沙性土壤，可提高沙性土壤的pH值，降低干容重，增加土壤有机质含量，有效提高土壤持水能力。[结论]该研究对治理环境污染，废水资源化及生态环境建设具有重要意义。     

一种快速简便检测马铃薯病毒的方法——病毒细菌协同凝集法(VBA)的研究

 在国内、外首次选用金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococc aureus)的No.180菌株用于病毒细菌协同凝集试验(Virobacterial agglutination test简称VBA)检测了来自马铃薯的4种不同形态粒子的病毒:马铃薯X病毒(PVX)、马铃薯丫病毒(PVY)、烟草花叶病毒(TMV)和马铃薯卷叶病毒(PLRV),其灵敏度达2.7~6.1ng/ml,检出病汁液的最大稀释度达10⁴~10⁵(PLRV1:500),较国内、外采用的Cown I菌株的灵敏度提高5~10倍。与血清学方法相比,VBA在2~3分种内就可获得结果,无假阳性反应,其灵敏度显著高于间接酶联法和免疫电镜,而接近于A蛋白酶联法。经抗血清致敏的菌体在4℃下保存4个月,对VBA检测的灵敏度没有影响。用VBA对采自田间的93个马铃薯病样进行检测,它们大多受2~3种病毒(PVX、PVY及PLRV)的复合侵染;和用间接酶联法及鉴别寄主检测的结果趋向一致。室内和田间试验均表明VBA灵敏度高、特异性强、快速简便和经济,尤其适合在基层单位中推广应用。     

Oospores associated with tomato seed may lead to seedborne transmission of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis>

Tomato fruits at the green mature stage were inoculated with a mixed sporangial suspension of A₁ and A₂ isolates ofPhytophthora infestans. Other fruits were inoculated with either A₁ or A₂ sporangia. Seeds were extracted from the blighted fruits and sown in soil or on agar media to test for the transmission of late blight to the emerging seedlings. Only 23 (0.09%) of approximately 25,000 seedlings developed symptoms. All blighted seedlings originated from fruits inoculated with mixed A₁ + A₂ sporangia. Isolates ofP. infestans recovered from the emerging blighted seedlings were seemingly of oosporic origin, as they differed phenotypically (mating type, virulence, sensitivity to metalaxyl) from the parent isolates used to inoculate the fruits. The results suggest that transmission ofP. infestans might occur by seeds extracted from fruits carrying oospores and less probably by seeds extracted from fruits having no oospores. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 30, 2004.