鸡蛋消毒方法的对比研究

采用5种消毒方法对鸡蛋蛋壳表面细菌进行杀菌效果试验,结果表明,各处理组之间抑菌效果差异显著(P＜0.05),杀菌效果优劣依次为开水浸烫＞甲醛熏蒸＞过氧乙酸熏蒸＞高锰酸钾浸泡＞过氧乙酸浸泡,开水浸烫操作技术难度较大,容易引起蛋壳破裂,适宜实际生产的消毒方法为过氧乙酸熏蒸和甲醛熏蒸.将消毒处理后的鸡蛋在温度25℃,相对湿度60%～80%贮存20天,开水浸烫处理组鸡蛋仍保持较鲜的品质,其余各组鸡蛋品质较差.结果表明,常规消毒方法(除开水浸烫法)只能抑制蛋壳表面微生物的生长繁殖,不能延缓鸡蛋品质下降达到保鲜鸡蛋的作用.     

北京油鸡胚胎成纤维细胞系建立与生物学特性研究

采取组织块直接培养法，对北京油鸡胚胎组织进行原代和继代培养，成功地建立了成纤维细胞系。并对培养细胞进行了形态学、细胞生长动力学观察，以及核型和乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶的同工酶分析。结果表明，该细胞系的群体倍增时间(PDT)为24h；细胞染色体中二倍体占主体，为76％～88％；乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶电泳图谱与本室其它细胞系有明显差别；细菌、真菌、病毒、支原体检测呈阴性。该细胞系的建立，使北京油鸡这一国家重要种质资源在细胞水平上保存下来，也为基因组文库和体细胞克隆等研究提供了理想的生物材料。     

Effect of Heat‐treatment on Accuracy of Infrared Spectroscopy and Digital and Optical Brix Refractometers for Measuring Immunoglobulin G Concentration in Bovine Colostrum

Background

Heat‐treatment of colostrum is a method developed to reduce calf exposure to pathogens. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Brix refractometers can be used for measuring colostral IgG concentration and assessing colostrum quality.

Objectives

To determine the impact of heat‐treatment on accuracy of IR spectroscopy and Brix refractometers for measuring colostral IgG concentration and assessing colostrum quality before and after heat‐treatment.

Animals

A total of 60 Holstein dairy cows on 8 commercial dairy farms.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was designed to determine the effect of heat‐treatment at 60°C and 63°C each for 30 and 60 minutes duration on colostral IgG concentration measured by the reference radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay, IR spectroscopy, and digital and optical refractometers.

Results

Colostrum IgG concentration significantly decreased after heat‐treatment at 63°C for 30 or 60 minutes as measured by RID, but the IgG values remained unchanged when measured by IR spectroscopy and refractometers. The lowest correlation coefficient found between IR spectroscopy (r = 0.70) and RID results was in colostrum heat‐treated at 63°C for 60 minutes. For digital (r = 0.48) and optical (r = 0.50) refractometers, the lowest correlation coefficient was at 63°C for 30 minutes when compared to RID. The accuracy of the IR spectroscopy, digital and optical Brix refractometers was decreased from 91.7 to 80%, 81.7 to 45%, and 80 to 45%, respectively, when colostrum heat‐treated at 63°C for 60 minutes.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Radial immunodiffusion, IR spectroscopy, and Brix refractometers exhibit utility for measuring IgG concentration when colostrum heat‐treated at 60°C but does not detect decrease IgG concentrations when heat‐treated at 63°C.     

一株鸭源禽流感病毒（H9N2）全基因序列分析及其排毒规律的研究

为研究一株鸭源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(JN1株)全基因组的分子特征和遗传进化情况以及感染雏鸭后的排毒规律,对其生物学特性、全基因组序列以及遗传进化进行了分析,通过点眼滴鼻方式感染3周龄健康雏鸭,利用建立的实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测鸭的排毒规律,并测定血清抗体效价。JNI株的鸡胚半数感染量为10~(-7.54)/0.2mL,鸡胚最小致死量的平均死亡时间为72h,静脉致病指数为0.266,抗原相关系数为0.47。系统发育分析表明,JN1株的HA与CK/HK/G9/97和DK/HK/Y280/97在同一分支上,NA、M、NP、PA、PB1、PB2基因与SH/F/98同源性较高,NS基因则与H5N1亚型禽流感病毒进化关系较近。HA的裂解位点为PSRSSR↓GL,存在6个潜在糖基化位点,在234位的氨基酸残基为L,NA基因颈部存在缺失。雏鸭在感染该病毒后,饮食正常,精神良好,3~17d均有排毒,咽拭子和泄殖腔棉拭子排毒规律基本一致,分别在第3天和第13天出现排毒高峰。该H9N2亚型禽流感病毒属欧亚大陆分支,为低致病性禽流感,病毒可通过呼吸道和泄殖腔向外界排毒,排毒时间较长。     

小黑麦与黑麦花序结构和籽粒特性比较

植物的花序结构及其形态特征是影响种子生产性能的重要因素。对于禾本科植物而言,其花序大小、小穗数、小花数及小花的外稃、内稃和芒的性状特征直接影响种子形成和产量。本研究通过测定小黑麦品系C2、C35和黑麦品系C13、C33的花序结构特征,得到以下结果:小黑麦花序[(14.30±0.52) cm×(1.24±0.09) cm]明显大于黑麦[(13.20±0.35) cm×(0.82±0.02) cm],小黑麦花序长而粗,黑麦花序短而细;小黑麦花序的小穗数[(21.35±1.47)个]少于黑麦[(30.20±0.79)个];小黑麦每个小穗的小花数较多,为3~4朵,黑麦的小花数趋于稳定,每个小穗有2朵小花。从花序中部小穗的小花结构看,小黑麦下位护颖长[(1.27±0.11) cm]和宽[(0.26±0.03) cm]、上位护颖长[(1.30±0.09) cm]和宽[(0.23±0.04) cm]均显著大于黑麦下位护颖长[(1.04±0.05) cm]和宽[(0.08±0.01) cm]、上位护颖长[(0.94±0.10) cm]和宽[(0.06±0.01) cm];小黑麦中部小穗第1小花的外稃宽[(0.32±0.03) cm]、外稃高[(0.24±0.03) cm]和芒长[(8.35±0.51) cm]、第2小花的外稃宽[(0.35±0.04) cm]、外稃高[(0.25±0.05) cm]和芒长[(8.37±1.19) cm]极显著大于黑麦相应值[(0.26±0.01),(0.15±0.01),(5.50±0.19),(0.25±0.01),(0.17±0.01)和(5.18±0.23) cm];第1和第2小花的外稃长[(1.35±0.06),(1.37±0.06) cm]和内稃长[(0.84±0.04),(1.41±0.06) cm]均小于黑麦的外稃长[(1.49±0.05),(1.47±0.05) cm]和内稃长[(1.45±0.05),(1.47±0.04) cm]。小黑麦的穗粒数[(52.50±1.80)粒]显著低于黑麦[(58.50±2.50)粒] (P<0.05),但其穗粒重[(2.08±0.04) g]、粒重[(0.04±0.00) g]和籽粒宽[(3.04±0.32) mm]均极显著高于黑麦 (P<0.01),每个花序的籽粒不仅体积大,而且质量较重,其籽粒的生产性能高于黑麦。小黑麦籽粒呈椭圆形或长卵圆形,浅黄色,表皮皱缩,饱满度差;黑麦籽粒呈窄纺锤形,青灰色,表皮光滑,籽粒饱满。小黑麦和黑麦花序结构与籽粒性状的Pearson相关分析表明,小黑麦花序宽和花序基部小穗数与籽粒长显著正相关(P<0.05),花序长与籽粒宽极显著正相关(P<0.01),花序中部小穗的下、上位护颖宽分别与穗粒重和穗粒数极显著正相关(P<0.01);黑麦花序中部小穗第2小花的内稃长与籽粒长显著正相关(P<0.05),外稃高与穗粒数极显著负相关(P<0.01)。研究小黑麦和黑麦的花序结构和籽粒特征,对正确区分二者和了解其籽粒的生产性能具有重要意义,同时有利于小黑麦的示范推广。     

草地群落类型对乳白香青种群特征和雌雄株形态及抗性的影响

为探究亚高山雌雄异株草本植物乳白香青对生境的适应方式,通过测定5个草地群落(A-老芒麦改良草地,B-虉草改良草地,C-天然草地,D-天然草甸,E-沙化草地)中乳白香青种群数、种群密度和面积、分布系数、性比组成,以及雌雄株构件性状、生物量配比、水分分配及抗性物质含量等参数,研究群落组成对乳白香青种群特征、雌雄株形态可塑性及抗性的影响。结果表明,5个草地群落的优势种、群落密度、基盖度、物种密度和优势种高度及土壤理化性状的显著差异(P<0.05),使不同群落中乳白香青种群特征显著不同,群落类型对种群特征参数影响顺序为种群面积>种群密度>性比>年龄结构>种群数>分布系数;D群落中乳白香青种群数和分布系数最高,C中乳白香青种群面积和密度最大,E中乳白香青种群数仅分别为D和C中的30.21%和35.11%,分布系数仅为C中的36.04%;群落类型对乳白香青种群年龄结构和性比有显著影响(P<0.05),雌株数为雄株的2.22~7.03倍;叶数和叶面积、株高和茎径、根长、小花数和苞片层数有显著的性别差异(P<0.05),群落类型对雌雄株的叶数和叶面积、株高、根数、花序数和小花数有显著影响,对雄株茎径和苞片层数有显著影响;雄株总生物量和花分配比显著高于雌株,而根分配比显著低于雌株(P<0.05),群落类型对乳白香青生物量配比有显著影响,雌株生物量配比受影响顺序为花>总生物量>叶>根>茎,雄株受影响顺序为花>茎>叶>总生物量>根;雄株茎、叶、花含水量显著高于雌株(P<0.05),根含水量在性别间和群落间差异较小,雌株构件含水量受群落类型影响顺序为花>茎>叶>根,雄株为叶>茎>花>根。雄株中MDA含量高于雌株,雌株中H₂O₂含量及T-AOC活性大于雄株(P<0.05),群落组成对雌、雄株中H₂O₂和MDA含量及T-AOC活性有极显著影响(P<0.01)。A和B中H₂O₂和MDA含量最低,E中H₂O₂和MDA达最大值,而T-AOC活性最低。雌、雄个体均能依据群落生境调整生长策略,通过构件性状、生物量配比、水分分配和抗性生理等适应性变化,使种群具有与生境匹配的种群特征,利于提高种群适合度和生活史完成。     

日粮中添加牛至油对河西绒山羊育肥性能的影响研究

牛至精油对家畜生产性能和免疫力的提高有重要的影响。通过在日粮中添加牛至精油育肥河西绒山羊,研究其对河西绒山羊生长性能、屠宰性能及胴体品质的影响。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在饲喂的基础日粮中分别添加4和7 g宜生饲宝(含牛至精油的添加剂),4和7 g宜生饲宝中牛至精油的含量分别为52和91 mg。对照组和试验组均为同月龄、同体重的河西绒山羊羯羊,试验组和对照组均设3个重复,每个重复5只羊。育肥期为90 d,每30 d为1个阶段。试验结果表明:育肥全期,对照组、4 g组和7 g组河西绒山羊平均日增重分别为96.30、172.22和169.82 g·d^-1,4 g组和7 g组分别显著高于对照组(P<0.05),4 g组和7 g组无显著差异(P>0.05);屠宰性状,胴体重对照组、4 g组和7 g组分别为20.24、24.18和23.90 kg,无显著差异(P>0.05),屠宰率对照组、4 g组和7 g组分别为48.86%、51.21%和51.56%,4 g组和7 g组分别显著高于对照组(P<0.05),4 g组和7 g组无显著差异(P>0.05),胴体净肉重对照组、4 g组和7 g组分别为12.90、16.27和15.99 kg,4 g组和7 g组分别显著高于对照组(P<0.05),4 g组和7 g组无显著差异(P>0.05);肉质性状,大理石纹4 g组和7 g组分别显著高于对照组(P<0.05),4 g组和7 g组无显著差异(P>0.05),pH、熟肉率、失水率、嫩度、蒸煮损失对照组、4 g组、7 g组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。日粮中添加牛至油可以显著提高河西绒山羊的育肥性能,本试验日粮中添加4 g宜生饲宝(含牛至精油52 mg)效果最佳。     

Assessing exterior egg quality indicators using machine vision

ABSTRACT

1. The objective of this study was to develop a machine vision method for analysing exterior parameters of chicken eggs to automate the stage of primary sorting.

2. The developed algorithm based on predetermined thresholds calculated egg quality indicators, including geometric dimensions, shape index and the mottling grade. The algorithm was implemented with an experimental setup that combined the image-based and the candling methods. A total of 400 egg samples were analysed.

3. Comparison of results of the algorithm with those obtained using the traditional manual method showed that mean value of radii values difference was 0.095 ± 0.058 mm for the sharp and 0.080 ± 0.047 mm for the blunt end of the egg, with standard deviations of 0.58 mm and 0.49 mm, respectively.

4. The correlation coefficient between the shape index values determined by the two methods was 0.93; the standard deviation of absolute differences between corresponding values was 1.05%.

5. The results of mottling grade estimation were compared using F-measure and confusion matrix.

6. The results allow the possibility to perform the assessment of egg exterior quality factors in an automatic mode, independent of the expertise of a grader.     

Innovative layer genetics to handle global challenges in egg production

1. In commercial layer breeding, extensive gene pools are tested and selected for market requirements which must be anticipated at least 5 years ahead. Field results confirm a continuous positive genetic trend in egg output and better feed efficiency which can be converted into land savings.

2. Animal welfare and cage-free housing dominate future needs of the market. Nesting behaviour and minimal tendency to develop feather-pecking or cannibalism without beak treatment are key trait complexes. Stronger shells for longer production cycles without moulting have to be combined with better bones.

3. No single big gene effect can be expected to control the multifactorial problem of feather-pecking. Adjusting the shape of the beak, with a heritability of .10–.25, can contribute to reducing the risk of severe cannibalism.

4. For better skeletal integrity, the assessment of bone quality in pedigree birds housed in enriched cages is done by keel bone palpation or ultrasound measurement of the humerus. Both traits show similar heritabilities in the range of .15–.30 and can be included in a balanced selection approach for performance, quality and welfare traits.

5. The combination of performance testing and genome-wide DNA marker analysis is a promising tool to generate more progress for a balanced performance and behaviour profile.     

Repeat patient testing shows promise as a quality control method for veterinary hematology testing

Background

Repeat patient testing‐based quality control (RPT‐QC) is a potential method for veterinary laboratories (eg, that have a limited budget for quality commercial control material [QCM] or that wish to use material with a species‐specific matrix).

Objectives

To determine whether total error (TE_a), probability of error detection (Ped), and probability of false rejection (Pfr) similar to that achievable with QC materials can be controlled using RPT‐QC

Methods

Control limits (WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, and PLT) for the Advia 120 (n = 23) and scil Vet ABC (n = 22) were calculated using data from normal canine specimens from a routine caseload. Specimens were measured at accession and again after 24 hours. Control limits were validated using 23 additional canine specimens tested similarly. Achievable TEa, Ped, and Pfr were investigated using the Westgard EZRules3 and compared to those achievable with commercial QCM.

Results

Theoretical performance of RPT‐QC and commercial QCM‐QC are similar for 1‐3s with both n = 1 and 1‐3s with n = 2 for all measurands and both instruments. Achievable TE_a values for RPT‐QC were close to ASVCP recommendations for most measurands; exceptions were PLT (both instruments) and WBC (scil Vet ABC).

Conclusions

Repeat patient testing‐based quality control advantages include a species‐specific matrix, low‐cost, and absence of QC material deterioration over time (since a fresh specimen is used each day). A potential disadvantage is daily access to normal canine specimens. A challenge is determining control limits, which has a subjective element. Further study is needed to confirm actual RPT‐QC performance and to determine if RPT‐QC with abnormal patient specimens is feasible.