重庆缙云山慈竹种群年龄的初步研究

慈竹(Neosinocalamus affinis)系四川分布面积最大和用途最广的合轴型竹种。作者在重庆缙云山慈竹种群年龄研究过程中,发现慈竹种群之无性系个体的年龄与其个体生物量和各器官生物量相关密切,其器官数量也呈显著相关;慈竹秆的形态学特征与其个体的年龄,地下茎和地上茎(秆)的分枝级数与其年龄均呈直线相关。地下茎分枝级数(RSB_x)与其年龄(A_(rs))的回归模型:A_(rs)=(RSB_x_(max) 1)-RSB_x,相关系数Υ_(rs)=-1.0000,O_(x-1)=0;秆分枝级数(CB_x)与其年龄(A_c)之相关模型为A_c=CB_x,相关系数Υ_c=1.0000(一年生个体除外),O_(x-1)=0。     

大兴安岭北部原始林兴安落叶松种群世代结构的研究

在景观火干扰历史研究的基础上 ,研究了大兴安岭北部地区原始林兴安落叶松种群的世代结构及其与火干扰、立地条件之间的关系。结果表明 ,兴安落叶松种群基于世代数的世代结构类型丰富 ,从 1代型到6代型都有 ,空间分布呈斑块镶嵌状。以 3代型与 4代型为主要类型 ,空间分布集中 ,其它类型的世代结构空间异质性较高。世代数受火干扰频率、火干扰强度及两者的综合影响 ,相对来说以火干扰强度的影响更为显著。低频或高强类的火干扰易造成种群的世代数减少 ;高频或低强类的火干扰易造成世代数增多。世代数还随林型组类型而变化 ,溪旁林组 >赤杨林组 >杜香林组。兴安落叶松种群基于火干扰的世代结构类型也很丰富 ,存在 3大类、6亚类和 12小类 ,空间分布呈斑块镶嵌状。其中以更新优势火前劣势型和火前优势更新劣势型为主要类型 ,空间分布较聚集 ,其它类型的空间异质性较高。这种世代结构也受火干扰频率、火干扰强度及两者的综合影响 ,其中火干扰频率主要对种群的优势世代起着扶持作用 ,而火干扰强度则主要对劣势世代起着制约作用。低频或高强火烧地上 ,世代结构为更新优势火前劣势型 ,中频或中强类火烧地上为更新优势火后劣势型 ,高频或低强火烧地上为火前优势火后劣势型。世代结构还随立地条件而变化。溪旁林组     

珍稀树种小叶银缕梅和宝华玉兰自然现状及其就地保护研究

野外实地分别调查了江苏宜兴市和句容市分布的珍稀树种小叶银缕梅（Parrotia subaequalis）和宝华玉兰（Magnolia zenii Cheng），掌握了这2种珍稀树种在江苏的自然分布状况及其群落学特征，统计了它们的种群规模和种群结构。经综合分析，对其就地保护的现状及保护建议提出了看法。     

扬糯麦1号8000 kg hm~(–2)以上高产群体质量指标

糯小麦因其独特的品质特性而在食品加工等领域有广泛的用途,但其高产栽培配套技术却鲜有研究,制约了该特种小麦的生产。2010年11月至2013年6月连续3个生长季,以扬糯麦1号为材料,通过密度和氮肥施用量及不同生育期施氮比例处理,构建不同产量水平群体,研究不同群体的产量结构及群体质量特征,以明确高产群体的产量结构及群体质量指标。结果表明,扬糯麦1号≥8000 kg hm–2高产群体的产量构成三要素特点是每公顷520~550万穗、每穗43~46粒、千粒重32~37 g。高产群体拔节期最适茎蘖数为穗数的2.3~2.5倍,茎蘖成穗率为44%~49%,分蘖成穗率为25%~33%,孕穗期和乳熟期的最适叶面积指数(LAI)分别为6.2~6.5和3.2~4.0,开花期干物质积累量为10 000~11 600kg hm–2,花后干物质积累量达5900 kg hm–2以上,适宜粒叶比达0.36粒cm–2叶和12.40 mg cm–2叶以上。高产群体各生育时期LAI值、花后干物质积累量和粒叶比均高于中高产群体(7500~8000 kg hm–2)及中产群体(7500 kg hm–2)。3年中扬糯麦1号均达到高产指标的小区具有以下特征:基本苗为225×104 hm–2,总施氮量为240 kg hm–2,氮肥运筹(基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥)比例为5∶1∶2∶2。     

Altitudinal and longitudinal variations in Pinus brutia (Ten.) of Crete Island,Greece: some needle,cone and seed traits under natural habitats

Four populations representing the entire natural distribution range of Pinus brutia (Ten.) in Crete (Greece) were sampled to determine: (1) Altitudinal variation within populations of Lassithi, Vorizia, Koustagerako, and Samaria, and; (2) Longitudinal variation among the four populations, based on morphological and anatomical differences in cone, needle and seed characteristics. Samples were collected from 10 trees per altitude, at three altitudes in each population. A total of 12 morphological and anatomical traits from needles, cones and seeds were analyzed to assess the altitudinal and longitudinal variations of the species in the island. The number of teeth per cm showed significant (P<0.01) differences between altitudes in Samaria, Vorizia and Lassithi, while needle length, width and the number of resin canals showed significant differences (P<0.01) between altitudes in Koustagerako. Cone width showed patterns of variation along the altitudinal gradient in Koustagerako, Samaria and Vorizia. Most traits had their highest means at the middle altitudes (650masl) in all the four populations. Overall, no clear altitudinal differentiation was detected, probably due to high rate of gene flow. Longitudinal variability showed a clear pattern of differentiation along the east–west climatic gradient. Needle length, width, sheath length, number of teeth per cm and the number of resin canals were the most useful traits for determining the climatic gradient clines.     

Seasonal population dynamics of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae) in apple orchards in the region Meckenheim

Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae) has been reported as the most important predator of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari, Tetranychidae) in apple culture. However, biological data on T. pyri was insufficient on important parameters like seasonal population dynamics and within-tree and on-leaf distribution in apple orchards in the region of Meckenheim, Germany. The purpose of the present work was, therefore, to obtain experimental data on these parameters of T. pyri from 2000 to 2002 in the apple orchards in this region. The results showed that overwintered females of T. pyri reactivate and start laying eggs between late March and early April. The mean daily number of the different stages of T. pyri per leaf peaked in July each year, where it ranged between 0.92–1.68 eggs, 0.81–1.41 nymphs, 0.64–1.32 females and 0.37–0.52 males. A significantly higher number of T. pyri individuals congregated in the bottom layer of trees (0.34–0.64 individuals/leaf) than in the middle and top layers (0.23–0.38 and 0.12–0.23 individuals/leaf, respectively). We found that 91.4–94.1% of the total eggs, 89.6–91.7% larvae, 73.0–76.5% nymphs, 60.5–64.6% adult females and 52.6–55.9% adult males concentrated their activities in the inner area of the leaf surface. More than 50% of the predatory mites congregated in the bottom layer in winter. Mean total density of the overwintering females in December of 2000,2001 and 2002 ranged between 10.6–14.2 females/5 cm twig in the bottom, 7.3–10.4 in the middle and 4.1–6.9 in the top layers of the apple trees. Mean total fecundity recorded over the 3 years was lowest in the overwintering generation with 31.8–37.6 eggs/female, highest in the June generation with 45.9–53.7 eggs/female, and intermediate in the August generation with 41.5–46.1 eggs/female. The overwintering generation was composed entirely of females, while the female to male ratio in the June generation was 2:1, and in the August generation 3:1. T. pyri overwinters as adult females in rough structures, cracks and crevices of twigs.     

Genetic differences between autochthonous and breeding populations of common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Greece

Individuals were selected for resistance against the imperfect fungus Seiridium cardinale Wag in six common cypress populations (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Greece. A total of 109 resistant clones and 140 trees from their base populations were surveyed at several allozyme loci. The comparison yielded information on changes in genetic variation due to artificial selection. The genetic structure of the breeding populations was similar to their base populations. Nevertheless, the number of rare alleles among the resistant clones had decreased, showing a similar trend at most loci and for most comparisons. Possible implications for breeding strategies are discussed.     

Influence of host plant species on the development and reproduction of hawthorn spider mites

A leaf disc bioassay was employed to investigate the influence of host species of deciduous fruit trees, like apple, peach, plum, cherry and apricot, on the development and reproduction of the hawthorn spider mite Tetranychus viennensis Zacher in the laboratory under conditions of 25±1°C, 60±10% RH and a photoperiod of 16 h: 8 h light: dark. This was done by determining the duration of each life stage of the mites, the intrinsic rate of population increase (r _m ), mean generation time (T) and net reproductive rate (R ₀) of the spider mites on each of the host plant species. Differences in life table parameters of the spider mite among host plants were analyzed with the jack-knife method. The results indicated that plum might be the best suitable plant for the spider mite among the plants tested due to shorter developmental period and higher intrinsic rate of increase, whereas cherry and apricot were least suitable due to their long developmental duration and low intrinsic rates of increase. When the spider mites were transferred from apple to other fruit trees, negative effects on developmental duration, fecundity and life table parameters were found in the first generation, but the effects faded out in succeeding generations. When transferred onto plum and peach, the spider mite adapted to the new hosts in the second generation; however, on cherry and apricot, it adapted in the third generation. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 27(7) [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 27(7)]     

Structure and regeneration dynamics of dominant tree species along altitudinal gradient in a dry valley slopes of the Bhutan Himalaya

The aim of our study was to characterize the structure and regeneration dynamics of dominant tree species along altitudinal gradient in dry valley slopes of the Bhutan Himalaya. In the typical dry valley slopes of west-central Bhutan, we analyzed forest stratification, tree crown projection, and population structure from lower dry valley bottom (1520 m a.s.l.) to upper humid ridge top (3370 m a.s.l.) across five major forest types: i.e. (1) dry pine forest with Pinus roxburghii as a dominant species; (2) mixed broad-leaved forest with Quercus lanata (evergreen), Quercus griffithii, (deciduous), and Rhododendron arboreum (evergreen) as major canopy species; (3) evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by Quercus semecarpifolia, Quercus glauca and Quercus oxyodon; (4) cool conifer forest dominated by Abies densa and Tsuga dumosa; (5) cold conifer forest with A. densa and Juniperus recurva as dominants. In general, regeneration pattern of major dominant species shifted from inverse-J (lower altitudes), to sporadic (mid-altitudes), and to uni-modal type (upper altitudes) corresponding to three regeneration trends: (1) invasive at the lower, warm, dry forest under relatively strong human disturbances; (2) stable/balanced at the mid-altitude, in a relatively stable, mature moist evergreen broad-leaved forest with gap regeneration; and (3) poor/low regeneration at the upper, cool, humid conifer forest with a continuously cattle-grazed understory. Overall, regeneration patterns were balanced in all forest types, however care should be taken to prevent excessive exploitation of dry pine forest of lower valley bottom, and to control cattle grazing at higher altitudes. Our findings can be incorporated into management plans for sustainable management and conservation of mountain forests.     

白蜡虫优良种虫及种群性比组成的研究

白蜡虫(Ericerus pela Chavannes)是我国特产资源昆虫,国内产区很多。实验表明各产区繁育白蜡虫的产量与质量差异显著,其中以金沙江下游云、贵、川三省相接壤的白蜡虫产区,繁育的白蜡虫产卵数量多、雄卵比率高、产蜡时间长、产蜡量多,同时蜡虫的产量高,是我国白蜡虫的优良种虫。