Soil Weed Seed Banks and Weed Management

Abstract

Studies of soil weed seed banks are of relatively recent origin considering their importance as sources of diversity and continued occupation of many types of habitats, including agroecosystems. The management of weed seed banks is based on knowledge and modification of the behavior of seeds within the soil seed bank matrix. The behavior of seeds defines the phenotypic composition of the floral community of a field. Selection and adaptation over time have led to the highly successful weed populations that exploit resources unused by crops. The weed species infesting agricultural seed banks are those populations that have found successful trait compromises within and between the five roles of seeds: dispersal and colonization, persistence, embryonic food supply, display of genetic diversity, and as a means of species multiplication. Diverse weed seed populations provide seed banks the opportunity to exploit any change in conditions to ensure their enduring survival and spread. The soil seed bank matrix is the spatial arrangement of environmental and physical factors over time. The behavior of soil seed banks at any level of biological, spatial, or temporal organization is a consequence of the accumulated, emergent behavior at lower levels of organization. Weed seed behavior arises from their sensitivity to environmental conditions within the physical structure of the soil seed bank. This sensitivity is reflected in changes of short duration (e.g., germination), during the annual life cycle, over multiple years (e.g., population shifts), and over evolutionary time. Understanding the processes that drive and control seed behavior will allow us to manipulate and manage weed seed banks in an economic and sustainable manner. This knowledge will allow us to implement improved, more informed, weed management systems and strategies. Important weed bank management strategies include prevention of seed introduction on farm, acquisition of weed biology information (including predictive tools), decision making about weed seed infestation levels and their implementation (eradication, reduction, tolerance), weed seed population shifts (within the seed bank, between species, increased diversity), and manipulations encouraging beneficial weed species. Environmental modification and changes in cropping systems can also be of considerable strategic importance in weed management.     

Population dynamics of white grubs in the upland rice and maize environment of Northern Mindanao,Philippines

Soil sampling over a two-year period in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, revealed the presence of five white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the deforested, infertile, and highly eroded grassland environment being converted to small farms. Population dynamics data point to Leucopholis irrorata (Chevrolat), Holotrichia mindanaoana Brenske, and H. flachi Brenske being biennial with Adoretus luridus Blanchard and Anomala humeralis Burmeister being annual species. The three biennial species are synchronized to even-numbered years. Small subpopulations of the biennial species show evidence of annual or allochronic cycles. L. irrorata has an annual cycle in other areas of the Philippines on sugarcane but takes two years to develop in Claveria probably due to infertile soils and a longer feeding period. Other subpopulations of young larvae and emerged adults occurring in the late rainy season were 'attempts' at multiple generations or delayed development, but were considered suicidal due to the impending dry season. Synchronization of life stages occurs with pupation and adult emergence with early rains. Habitat preferences of the five species were elucidated by topography, cultivation, and presence of trees. L. irrorata and H. mindanaoana adults were found in 30 flight trees. Most (81%) of the larval stages were found within the top 20 cm of soil but some dug to 70 cm depth. Peak third instar larval densities reached 25.5/m 2 for all five species combined, but due to the biennial cycles of the major species, white grubs present economic importance to upland rice and maize only in odd numbered years. Control efforts are most economically directed during even numbered years giving a two-year benefit in population reduction.     

土壤施肥与植食性害虫发生为害的关系

土壤施肥可以影响植物的生长和营养状况,从而影响植食性昆虫的生长发育、繁殖和为害等。在影响植物抗性和害虫为害的营养因子中,氮是一个关键的因素,氮肥对害虫发生的影响取决于害虫种类、植物种类和土壤肥力,是植物营养质量对害虫直接影响的结果,也是植物形态学、组织发育等因素的间接作用结果。很多研究表明土壤或植物中氮水平与害虫密度存在强烈正相关关系,但是也有不同情况出现。另外其他营养元素如磷和钾,也会引起害虫种群动态变化。有机管理措施可能有利于减轻害虫发生,但是机理还存在争议。     

春季追肥对冬小麦群体构建和籽粒灌浆进程的影响

为明确冬小麦春季合理追肥技术,以追肥时间（返青后10、25和40d）为主区,追肥量（90、120和150kg/hm²）为副区,研究春季追肥对冬小麦群体分蘖动态变化、籽粒灌浆进程、产量及氮效率的影响。结果表明,返青后25d较其他追肥时间显著提高了开花期分蘖数,追氮量为120kg/hm²时最高。返青后25d较其他追肥时间显著提高了籽粒灌浆起始势,籽粒达最大灌浆速率时间提高了1%~20%,提高灌浆过程中快增期和缓增期的灌浆速率,追氮量以120kg/hm²表现最好。返青后25d较其他追肥时间显著提高了成熟期植株干物质量及穗部结实性状,穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量分别提高8%~11%、7%~12%、3%~5%和8%~30%,且显著提高了氮肥偏生产力,以追氮量120kg/hm²最高。总之,返青后25d追肥可有效调控冬小麦春季分蘖消长,增加有效穗数,促进籽粒灌浆,提高粒重,且追施氮120kg/hm²实现了产量和氮效率同步提高。     

中国生态退耕重要阶段耕地面积时空变化分析

为了兼顾生态退耕过程中的生态安全和食物安全,开展中国生态退耕政策实施重要阶段(1999—2008)的耕地时空变化特点的研究十分必要。根据各省市级耕地增减变化数据,利用分布重心计算模型和分区比较方法,探讨了中国耕地面积时空变化的总体特征。结果表明,从区域尺度分析,研究时段内耕地面积减少幅度排序为：西部＞东部＞中部;生态退耕政策实施的重要阶段可划分为2个时期：一是生态退耕前期,以耕地面积急剧减少、面积分布重心向东移动为特征;二是生态退耕后期,以耕地面积缓慢减少、面积分布重心向北迁移为特点;生态退耕、农业结构调整和建设用地占用所造成的耕地变化,对耕地面积分布重心迁移的影响较大。研究结果提示,建设用地占用优质耕地是制约中国耕地整体生产能力提高的重要因素,而耕地分布重心向北移动使生态退耕的成效面临挑战。     

重力坝外观变形统计模型研究

以宝珠寺混凝土重力坝为研究对象,研究了重力坝外观变形的影响因素和变化规律。在对重力坝外观变形统计模型建立的基本原理和方法进行研究的基础上,用因子扩充和组合进行建模,采用逐步回归分析方法,提出了构建重力坝外观变形统计模型的最佳模型因子。结果表明,改进后的统计模型拟合效果明显优于常规模型。     

基于双层复形法的重力坝断面优化研究

【目的】进行重力坝断面优化设计的算法研究,为减小重力坝断面面积,优化重力坝体型提供参考。【方法】以复形法为基础,简化了在所有约束条件下寻找可行点的收缩步骤以减少计算次数,然后构造了双层优化结构,即把第1层复形的优化结果作为第2层复形的初始点,再以复形法原理进行优化,最后以某拟建重力坝为实例进行了坝体横断面的优化分析。【结果】优化后的各断面特征参数均满足要求,其断面面积较原设计方案减小了15.97%,坝体体型更瘦,且坝体上、下游应力分布更加合理。【结论】双层复形法较复形法具有更高的稳定性、更快的收敛速度,可适用于大体积、结构复杂的水工结构优化设计。     

虚拟物流在国际配送中的应用研究

为了有效整合社会闲散的物流资源,提高企业的国际竞争力,实现高速、安全、低成本的虚拟国际配送,运用SWOT分析法论证了虚拟物流应用于国际配送的可行性,并系统的描述了虚拟国际配送中心的运作模式、业务流程、组织结构设计和运作流程,最后提出从企业和政府两个方面来构建虚拟物流应用于国际配送中的保障措施。     

波浪作用下一种鲆鲽类方形网箱水动力特性数值模拟研究

针对鲆鲽类方形重力式网箱在纯波浪条件下的水动力特性,采用数值模拟的方法对鲆鲽类方形深水重力式网箱的主要部件——浮架系统、配重系统、锚碇系统进行了模拟。将模拟结果与实验结果进行分析比较表明,数模与物模各量值吻合良好,平均相对误差均不超过9%,表明数值模拟的方法能较好地模拟鲆鲽类方形深水重力式网箱的水动力特性。在此基础上,用数值模拟的方法,进一步研究了底框质量和网衣高度的改变对网箱各参数的影响,模拟结果显示,底框质量改变主要影响锚绳受力和底框倾角,底框质量从80 g升至100 g再升至140 g的过程中,锚绳受力平均增幅分别为13%和19%,同时增大底框质量有助于减小底框运动倾角,其平均降幅分别为8.8%和9.3%;网衣高度由20 cm增至30 cm后,锚绳受力平均增加15%,同时网衣的增高导致对浮架和底框的牵制作用加大,使得浮架和底框的运动幅度有所减小,降幅不超过10%。在以上研究结果的基础上,为鲆鲽类网箱的设计与优化提供了参考建议。     

农学CALIS中心成员馆特色数据库建设调查与分析

分析了CALIS全国农学文献信息中心成员馆特色数据库的建设现状,针对存在的问题和不足,提出了相应的对策和建议。