中国深远海养殖发展方式研究

在渔业转型发展进程中,发展深远海养殖是突破生态环境和自然资源约束性挑战,实现新时期中国海水养殖业可持续发展的战略方向。基于联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)关于深远海养殖发展的定义,结合中国海水养殖业发展水平和海域条件,对中国深远海养殖概念进行了界定。提出养殖品种选择、养殖系统构建、养殖海域规划是关系深远海养殖产业稳步有序发展的重要因素。在养殖品种选择方面,应重点考虑经济潜力、适应水温和养殖技术;在养殖系统构建上,分析比较了不同养殖系统应用于深远海养殖的适宜性、安全性和经济性;在养殖海域规划方面,应重点考虑养殖排放、环境承载力和海域条件。     

Reforming the European Common Fisheries Policy: a case for capacity and effort controls

I summarize the total allowable catch (TAC) fishery management system, which forms part of the European Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) as complicated, inaccurate and ineffective. Total allowable effort (TAE), i.e. limits on fishing capacity and days‐at‐sea, provides a simpler, readily enforceable control to protect all species affected by a fishery. Fishing capacity of vessels in each region‐gear fleet could be capped through limits on engine power, gear, crew, and fittings, and/or reducing allowances of days‐at‐sea for large, powerful vessels. Two basic, fishery‐dependent indicators are put forward to assess sustainability of a fishery dependably even in the absence of fishery‐independent data. One is socio‐economic, the other is ecological. Fishery working groups within each marine region would recommend a TAE to sustain their fishery while also protecting the most critically affected species or processes. Regional working groups would supervise a consistent approach across the different fisheries in their region. A pan‐European group would set policy, implement external agreements, set rules for trading TAE if necessary and harmonize fishing opportunities across regions. To ease negotiations on TAEs with the fishing industry when an ecosystem needs to recover, I propose compensation payments funded by re‐direction of existing CFP subsidies that promote fishing.     

The Effects of Light Salting on Physicochemical Characteristics of Frozen Cod (Gadus morhua) Fillets

Abstract

The effects of light salting by brine injection and brine immersion on physicochemical and textural properties of cod fillets were evaluated. Light salting significantly increased yield and water holding capacity. Adding brine injection to the process can be used to shorten the process time needed to obtain the desired salt content and increase yield. The effects on chemical composition were most significant in salt content, but water and protein content were also affected. Water content decreased from the tail to head direction of the fillets, both in unsalted and light salted fillets. Changes in protein content were in opposite proportion to changes in water content. This could be seen in the fresh fish and also after freezing, both in unsalted and light salted fillets. Texture of the fish was not significantly affected by salting and freezing.     

中国大陆沿海六水系绒螯蟹(中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹)群体亲缘关系:RAPD指纹标记

用 4 8个具有丰富多态性的 10碱基随机引物对辽河、黄河、长江、瓯江、珠江和南流江的中华绒螯蟹和日本绒螯蟹的 6个群体进行RAPD分析。结果发现 :(1)两个引物具有群体特异性带 ,其中Z2扩增的 880bp片段为珠江蟹和南流江蟹群体中所特有 ,而 70 0bp片段为长江蟹、辽河蟹、黄河蟹和瓯江蟹所特有 ,可作为区别日本绒螯蟹和中华绒螯蟹的分子遗传标记 ;(2 )Opp17扩增的 94 7bp片段的出现频率 ,在长江、黄河和辽河群体显著地从南到北递减 ,长江蟹 87.50 %、黄河蟹4 1.66%、辽河蟹 10 .83%。这一遗传渐变的度量可作为区别这三个水系的中华绒螯蟹种群的判据 ;(3) 6水系群体内的平均遗传相似度依次为 :辽河蟹 0 .90 8>南流江蟹 0 .897>瓯江蟹和珠江蟹 0 .895>黄河蟹 0 .890 >长江蟹 0 .850 ;6群体间遗传距离及其UPGMA、NJ聚类分析进一步表明 ,南流江蟹、珠江蟹同长江蟹、辽河蟹及黄河蟹在基因组之间存在明显的歧化。     

浅海筏式养殖系统贝类养殖容量研究进展

据报道,以世界人均耕地计,中国人口以４亿为合适,按人均粮食５００ｋｇ／年计,中国人口以６亿为适度,按水资源来估算中国适度人口可为７亿。综合起来考虑,中国理想人口数量应在６．５亿左右［刘大椿等１９９５］,而我国实际人口已远远超过此数。很显然,只依靠耕地...     

Polygalacturonase and β-galactosidase activities in Hayward kiwifruit as affected by light exposure,maturity stage and storage time

Softening process and total antioxidant activity were evaluated in kiwifruit differently exposed to light intensity and harvested at two different times (October 10 and November 14). Fruit was stored for 2 months at 0 °C (S1) and then maintained for a week at ambient temperature (S2). The results showed that fruit harvested later presented a faster softening rate during storage than fruit harvested earlier, even if antioxidant activity did not change. Light-exposed fruit showed higher flesh firmness than that of shaded ones. Polygalacturonase activity was higher in kiwifruit maintained for a week at ambient temperature after cool storage and, in particular the highest value was recorded in fruit harvested later. The behaviour of β-galactosidase was different: it did not show changes in fruit harvested later and significantly decreased in light- and shade-exposed fruit harvested earlier.     

Evaluation of fertilizing capacity of cryopreserved rainbow trout sperm

ABSTRACT:   Experimental insemination was performed using artificially produced low-motility sperm. A mathematical model was applied to the results of the insemination in order to clarify the relationship between sperm motility, the density of sperm and the fertilization rate of eggs. In the model, the probability of fertilization by individual spermatozoa was a function of sperm density in the insemination solution. The results showed that the probability of fertilization clearly decreased with increased sperm density, and the maximum possible fertilizing rate by increasing the sperm density was constrained by the proportion of motile sperm (% motility). The model was also applied to the results of insemination tests of cryopreserved sperm in order to evaluate the fertilizing capacity of cryopreserved sperm. It was proven that cryopreserved sperm needed a higher density to obtain the maximum fertilization rate compared with fresh sperm, and it was anticipated that the ratio of the motile inseminated cryopreserved sperm should be more than 5.0% to achieve an egg fertilization rate greater than 90%.     

中加燕麦种质的遗传多样性和群体结构分析

为揭示燕麦种质资源的遗传基础,采用内含子切接点引物和长随机引物的PCR分子标记技术,对加拿大和中国的64份燕麦种质的遗传多样性和群体结构进行了分析.结果表明,所用15条引物共扩增出171条带,平均每条引物扩增出11.4条带,其中多态性带共134务,多态性百分比为78.36%.燕麦各种质阃的Dice遗传相似系数分析表明,所有燕麦材料间的遗传相似系数变幅为0.699～0.934,平均值为0.81,表明参试燕麦种质间存在着一定的遗传差异,但遗传差异相对较小.群体结构分析结果表明,所研究的燕麦种质中81.25%的种质血缘相对比较单一,仅18.75%的种质拥有混合来源.     

饲料中花生四烯酸含量对刺参生长性能、抗氧化能力及脂肪酸代谢的影响

为探究饲料中添加花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,ARA)对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长性能、抗氧化能力及脂肪酸代谢的影响,选用初始体重为(10.78±0.06)g的刺参为研究对象,以鱼粉和发酵豆粕为主要蛋白质源,小麦粉为主要糖源制作基础饲料,通过在基础饲料中添加不同比例的ARA-纯化油,制成ARA含量分别为0.02%(对照组)、0.17%、0.36%、0.51%、0.59%和0.98%(占饲料干重)的6组等氮等脂的实验饲料,在室内循环水养殖系统进行为期56 d的养殖实验。结果表明,随着饲料中ARA含量的升高,刺参增重率(weight gain rate,WGR)呈先上升后降低的趋势,0.36%和0.51%ARA饲料组刺参WGR显著高于其他处理组(P0.05),刺参的特定生长率(specific growth rate,SGR)和饲料效率(feed efficiency,FE)与WGR具有相同的变化趋势;刺参体壁粗脂肪含量随饲料ARA含量升高呈先降低后升高的趋势,在0.51%ARA饲料组含量最低,且显著低于对照组与0.98%ARA饲料组(P0.05);同时,随饲料中ARA含量的提高,刺参体壁中ARA和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-6 PUFA)含量呈显著上升趋势,而二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenioc acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-3 PUFA)含量显著降低(P0.05);抗氧化能力方面,0.36%和0.51%ARA饲料组刺参肠道中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和总抗氧化能力酶(total antioxidant capacity enzyme,T-AOC)活性均显著高于对照组与0.98%ARA饲料组(P0.05),而肠道丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量呈相反的变化趋势(P0.05);刺参肠道中脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-Co A carboxylase,ACC)活性随饲料ARA含量的升高呈显著降低趋势(P0.05);刺参肠道中肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1,CPT-1)活性随饲料ARA含量升高呈先升高后降低的趋势(P0.05)。研究表明,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加适量ARA(0.36%~0.51%)能够对刺参生长、抗氧化能力起到一定的促进作用,同时结果显示,饲料ARA含量会对刺参肠道内脂肪酸代谢产生一定的影响。     

Influence of regional-scale soil heterogeneity and land use on water discharge formation in the “Stettiner Haff” catchment in North-East Germany

Abstract

The influence of regional soil distribution and land use on discharge formation in the “Stettiner Haff” catchment (8,456 km²) was investigated. The model ABIMO was used to calculate mean discharge for a long period (1961 – 1990) in consideration of regional differences in hydrological site conditions and soil heterogeneity. The highest discharge was found on settlement areas (276 mm a^?1), on devastated plots (319 mm a^?1) and on the non-hydromorphic agriculturally used sandy soils (214 mm a^?1). Due to their small size these sub-areas were found to influence regional discharge for a limited extent only. On loam and clay soils only about 100 mm a^?1 of discharge was formed. However, this share proved to be most important for the height of regional discharge because of the high area proportion in the region. Mineral soils of comparable parent material produce lower discharge under hydromorphic conditions than under non-hydromorphic conditions. With increasing clay content of the soils these differences decreased. The agriculturally used areas were found to be most important for the region's water discharge. They accounted for 83% of the discharge, i.e. they originated 119 mm a^?1 on average. At forest sites, the discharge height was about 52 mm a^?1. Sites close to groundwater table (groundwater level <1 m) proved to act as depletive areas.