磷肥用量对甜玉米磷素吸收利用的影响

Understanding the phosphorus (P) absorption mechanism is the premise for high P utilization and high crop yield. In this study, the effects of different P rates (0, 37.5, 75, 150, and 300 kg hm^-2, expressed as P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4, respectively) on sweet corn yield, biomass and P accumulation and tissue distribution, P transportation and P utilization were studied using a two-year P gradient positioning field experiment. Our results showed that P application significantly increased the fresh ear yield of sweet corn, but the yield difference among different P application rates (P1-P4) was not significant from 2018 to 2019 compared with P0 treatment. P application significantly increased the biomass and P accumulation of sweet corn plants at jointing, silking and fresh eating stages, respectively. In addition, P accumulation in grain was not significant different, which accounting for 42% of plant P accumulation. With P application, the contribution rate of P assimilation to the ear P accumulation was 57.3%-93.0% after anthesis, while the fresh ear yield per P accumulation, P physiological efficiency, agronomic efficiency, recovery efficiency and partial productivity decreased with P rates. Considering the yield and utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer, the supply of 37.5 kg hm^-2 of phosphate fertilizer can meet the needs of high yield and efficient utilization of phosphate fertilizer in sweet corn in this experiment.     

利用遗传突变基因改良特用玉米Ⅴ.甜玉米胚乳突变基因的效应与利用

简要说明甜玉米突变基因由来以及研究近况.甜玉米在碳水化合物中形成的隐性突变基因占有相当大的比例,其种源丰富,已育成多个品种.在育种技术方面,着重介绍新方法--转座子育种技术。     

立辊式玉米收获割台夹持输送装置设计与试验

针对现有立辊式玉米收获机割台夹持输送装置存在的夹持稳定性差、断茎率高等问题,该研究基于立辊式玉米割台摘穗特点,设计了一种夹持输送间隙随植株茎秆粗细自适应调节的夹持输送装置。该装置由分禾机构和夹持输送机构组成,分禾机构保证玉米植株的单株有序喂入,并辅助往复式切割器完成植株根部的切割;夹持输送机构实现切断植株在立辊式割台上的有效夹持和输送。通过对拨禾喂入过程植株的运动分析以及夹持切割和夹持输送过程植株的姿态变化规律分析,确定夹持输送装置有效拨禾段链条长度为500 mm,夹持输送机构轨道长度为1 100 mm,割台最大夹持输送量为3株,夹持轨道间的垂直距离为40 mm,两夹持链条间的夹持间隙可调节范围为16～40 mm。采用响应曲面法分析了收获机前进速度、主动链轮转速、割台倾角和植株喂入角对夹持输送装置作业性能的影响。试验结果表明,当收获机前进速度为2.8 m/s、主动链轮转速1 210 r/min、割台倾角18°、植株喂入角为60°时,果穗总损失率为0.83%,断茎率为0.12%;相比现有普通夹持输送装置,果穗总损失率和断茎率分别由2.80%和0.98%降低到0.83%和0.12%,分别降低了30%和12%。研究结果可为立辊式玉米收获割台的优化改进提供理论依据和参考。     

人工喂入式鲜食甜玉米籽粒切脱机的研制

该文介绍了一种采用在玉米籽粒根部切削方式将甜玉米果穗上的籽粒与玉米芯分离的机械设备的设计。该设备在籽粒切脱过程中刀片与玉米籽粒根部（玉米芯外缘）成弹性浮动接触,可随玉米果穗直径的不同而做自动调整,保证刀片刃部始终贴近玉米籽粒根部切削。特点是效率高、切粒质量好,适应甜玉米籽粒含水率在58%～75％范围内,既适合甜玉米籽粒切脱、也适合糯玉米籽粒切脱。满足了中国鲜食甜玉米深加工的需求。该设备采用刀片高速转动、玉米果穗直线运动旋划切削技术。经过对该设备设计、试制、试验结果表明,完全适合甜玉米切脱籽粒。     

甜玉米填闲减缓菜田土壤硝酸盐淋溶的研究

为提高菜田氮肥的利用率,降低氮肥对环境的污染风险。在中德合作项目东北旺试验田（土壤类型为潮土）,三年（1999～2001）9季蔬菜长期传统施氮灌水与推荐施氮灌水处理的地力基础上,于高温多雨的夏季选择甜玉米作为填闲作物,以休闲处理作对照,研究甜玉米在土壤硝态氮淋溶关键期对土壤残留硝态氮素分布及对后茬蔬菜产量的影响。研究结果表明甜玉米生长迅速、生物量大、吸收氮素能力强,吸氮量可达205.6～246.1 kg/hm²;与休闲处理相比,种植甜玉米能有效的吸收0～60 cm土壤中残留氮素,实现了土壤残留氮素的再利用。0～180 cm剖面中土壤硝态氮的残留量都有不同程度的降低,有效阻抑了氮素向土壤深层的淋洗。甜玉米也获得了较高的经济产量,穗净鲜重达9.2～10.2 t/hm²。后茬作物菠菜收获后未被利用的氮素大部分残留在土壤浅层;甜玉米处理与休闲处理相比未显著影响后季菠菜的生长,产量达18.4～20.7 t/hm²。该研究表明：甜玉米是较为理想的填闲作物。     

分根区交替灌溉对盆栽甜玉米水分及氮素利用的影响

分根区交替灌溉(APRI)是高效节水新技术,该文通过盆栽试验,研究了不同水肥条件下,3种不同灌溉方式对甜玉米干物质积累、水分和氮素利用的影响。结果表明：在施肥和充分供水条件下,与常规灌溉(CI)相比,分根区交替灌溉节水29.1%,总干物质量和冠干物质量仅分别减少6.3%和5.6%,而水分利用效率和氮肥表观利用率分别提高24.3%和16.4%,这表明分根区交替灌溉的节水节肥效应要与合理施肥和适宜的灌水量相结合才能发挥更好的作用。而部分根干燥灌溉(PRD)由于总干物质量下降太多,水分利用效率和氮肥表观利用率都没有得到提高。     

转Bt-cry1Ab玉米花粉对意大利蜜蜂生长发育及体内酶活性的影响

自10年前首次种植转基因植物以来,转基因作物已在全球得到大面积推广。这些转基因作物中绝大多数品种具有抗虫基因能够增强作物对靶标昆虫的抗性。同时转抗虫基因植物可能带来的生态安全和环境问题也引起了国际社会广泛的关注。鉴于此,本实验开展了转Bt-cry1Ab基因抗虫玉米花粉     

大同盆地轻度盐化土壤玉米锌肥施用方法试验

在大同盆地轻度盐化土壤上采用小区试验方法，试验研究了P玉米施用锌肥对营养生长，产量构成因素和产量的影响。结果表明：施用锌肥增产达显著和极显著水平。其中锌肥基施效果最好，可提早抽雄4d，早成熟5d，株高增加4cm，穗粒数增加63．2粒，干牲重增加2g，增产12．5％；锌肥拌种和苗期喷施提早抽雄2d，提甲成熟3d，株高增加2cm，穗粒数增加29．1粒和19．2粒，千粒重分别增加0．5g和1．0g，增产7．6％和4．8％；锌肥浸种提早抽雄2d，提早成熟4d，株高增加1．0cm，穗粒数增加11．8粒，千粒重增加1．0g，增产4．4％。     

不同灌溉目标下玉米滴灌制度研究

以夏玉米为研究对象,就不同灌溉目标下合理滴灌定额和滴灌周期进行了研究,旨在为不同类型区玉米生产因地制宜的采用不同滴灌制度提供参考.     

不同磷水平下玉米和小麦植株亚细胞中镉的积累

Corn and wheat plants were grown in a nutrient culture solution at four levels of phosphorus (0,0.12,0.60 and 3.0mmol L^-1) and two levels of cadmium(0 and 4.0umol L^-1) in greenhouse for a 18-day period.The concentrations of phosphorus and cadmium in cell wall,cytoplasm and vacuoles of roots and leaves were examined by cell fractionation techniques.With increasing phosphorus in medium,the contents of P in cell wall,cytoplasm and vacuoles of corn and wheat roots and leaves increased.The highest content of P was observed in cell wall,next in vacuoles,and the lowest in cytoplasm.The wheat subcellular fractions in both roots and leaves hab higher concentrations of phosphorus than those of corn.Increasing phosphorus in medium significantly inhibited the intracellular Cd accumulation in both species,However,at P concentration up to 3.0mmol L^-1,the Cd content in cell wall was increased.Increasing phosphorus resulted in reduction of the subcellular Cd content in cell wall was increased.Increasing phosphorus resulted in reduction of the subcellualr Cd content in corn and wheat leaves.Compared with corn,the wheat roots had a higher Cd content in the cell wall and vacuoles and a lower in cytoplasm,while in leaf subcellular fractions the wheat cell had a higher Cd content in its vacuoles and a lower one in its cytoplasm,The results indicate that phosphorus may be involved in sequestration of Cd ionic activity in both cell wall and vaculoes by forming insoluble Cd phosphate.