Powdery Mildew Resistance in a Collection of Chinese Barley Varieties

One hundred and forty-seven Chinese barley varieties maintained at the Gene Bank of the National Barley Improvement Centre, Zhejiang, and 84 progenies from these varieties were tested at the seedling stage for their reaction to 32 selected pathotypes of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Eighteen resistance spectra were identified comprising single or combined resistances from eight known (Ml(Bw), Ml(Ch), Mla7, Mla8, Mla9, Mla13, MlaRu4 and Mlg) and six unknown resistance genes. The most frequent gene was Ml(Bw), which was found in 69 varieties and previously detected in only a few European winter barley varieties. The genes Mla8 and Ml(Ch) were also often present, but other resistance genes were rare. After inoculation, considerably fewer pathogen colonies were observed in ‘Aiganqi’ and one line of ‘Tong5’. Twenty varieties were composed of lines with different resistance genes. China is likely to be a region of origin of the genes Ml(Bw), Mla7, as well as three unknown genes found in original landraces and perhaps another three unknown genes detected in cultivars bred in China. The resistances of varieties from the Zhejiang province and those originating from 11 other Chinese provinces were quite different. Unfortunately, none of the varieties are promising sources of resistance to powdery mildew and China does not seem to be a region suitable for identifying such sources.     

碱性肥料对香蕉枯萎病发生及土壤微生物群落的影响

【目的】针对我国香蕉主产区蕉园土壤酸化、 微生物环境恶化,香蕉枯萎病严重泛滥和肆虐,严重威胁产业等问题,通过施用碱性肥料改善蕉园土壤酸性及微生物环境,从而降低香蕉枯萎病发病率,促进香蕉健康生长。【方法】以重病区蕉园土壤为对象,采用盆栽试验,研究碱性肥料对土壤微生物及香蕉枯萎病发生情况的影响。试验设碱性肥料(AF)和常规肥料(CCF)2种肥料处理,每种肥料设低量(L1)、 中量(L2)和高量(L3)3个施肥量,同一施肥量处理的氮、 磷、 钾总用量相等。于2013年3月6日移栽香蕉苗到营养钵, 130 d后待各处理香蕉发病明显时采集土壤及植株样品进行各项指标测定。【结果】 1)施碱性肥料能显著降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率,常规肥料处理的香蕉发病率为78%,而碱性肥料处理的仅为33%。2)碱性肥料对土壤微生物群落有明显的影响,土壤中的真菌数量AF处理明显少于CCF处理,而细菌、 放线菌数量则显著高于CCF处理,因此AF处理土壤的香蕉尖孢镰刀菌明显减少。3)试验期间碱性肥料能显著提高土壤pH值,较常规肥料处理提高了0.75个pH单位,而土壤EC值比常规肥料处理低47.76 μS/cm。4)土壤pH值与土壤中古巴专化型尖孢镰刀菌(FOC)的数量及香蕉发病率呈显著负相关; 细菌数量与FOC数量、 香蕉枯萎病发病率、 病情指数之间呈显著的负相关; 土壤中FOC和真菌数量与香蕉发病率呈显著正相关。5)香蕉生物量随着碱性肥料和常规肥料用量的增大而增加,但碱性肥料的效果更加明显。【结论】应用碱性肥料不仅可以为香蕉提供氮、 磷、 钾养分,而且能改良蕉园土壤酸性从而改善土壤微生物群落结构及环境,有效防控香蕉枯萎病的发生。     

聚乙二醇（PEG6000）模拟干旱胁迫抑制矮沙冬青种子的萌发

本研究以新疆特有濒危保护植物矮沙冬青（Ammmopiptanthus nanus（M．Pop．）Chengf）的种子为材料,用不同渗透势浓度的聚乙二醇（PEG6000）模拟干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对矮沙冬青种子发芽率、平均发芽速度、胚轴和胚根长度及发芽指数、活力指数的影响。结果表明,不同浓度PEG胁迫处理均降低了种子的发芽率,延缓了矮沙冬青种了萌发进程;种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均随胁迫强度的增加呈明显下降趋势。当-1．20MPa的PEG胁迫处理的种子在试验结束时仍未能萌发,表明-1．20MPa是矮沙冬青种子萌发的临界水势。PEG模拟十旱胁迫中,当PEG处理为-0．2MPa时,虽然最终发芽率与对照一样,但其胚根、胚轴的长度都比对照短,说明矮沙冬青胚根、胚轴的生长比发芽率对干旱胁迫更敏感。干旱胁迫可能是导致矮沙冬青种群天然更新能力弱的原因之一。本研究将为矮沙冬青种质资源的保护和种群的恢复提供科学依据。     

青稞慢消化淀粉酶法制备技术研究

为了探索酶解处理对青稞慢消化淀粉含量的影响,以青稞淀粉为原料,分别以α-淀粉酶法,β-淀粉酶法,转葡糖苷酶协同α-淀粉酶处理法,转葡糖苷酶协同β-淀粉酶处理法等4种方法制备慢消化淀粉(SDS),通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳制备方案。结果表明,制备SDS的最佳方法为转葡糖苷酶协同β-淀粉酶处理法,具体处理条件为:β-淀粉酶的添加量0.032%,转葡糖苷酶的添加量0.192%,酶解时间8h,冷藏回生时间5d,淀粉乳浓度15%。此条件下制备的SDS含量为32.53%。本研究结果为青稞慢性消化淀粉产品的开发利用提供了科学依据和技术参考。     

沼液对植物病害的防治效果及机理研究Ⅰ：对植物病原真菌的抑制效果及抑菌机理初探

采用菌丝生长抑制和分生孢子萌发抑制的试验方法,以草莓枯萎病菌为靶标病原菌,研究了江苏省内运行稳定的21个大型沼气工程的沼液及其无菌滤液对草莓枯萎病菌的生长抑制特性。结果表明,所有沼气工程的沼液对草莓枯萎病菌的菌丝生长都有不同程度的抑制作用,不同运行年限的沼气池沼液以及不同发酵原料的沼液对草莓枯萎病菌的抑制效果均无显著差异,但不同贮液阶段的沼液对其抑菌效果影响显著。沼液的无菌滤液对草莓枯萎病菌菌丝的生长没有抑制作用;沼液及其无菌滤液对草莓枯萎病菌分生孢子的萌发均有不同程度的抑制作用,猪粪沼液及其无菌滤液对草莓枯萎病菌分生孢子萌发的抑制作用好于牛粪沼液。沼液对生产上常见的5种植物病原真菌的抑制效果有显著差别。沼液中的拮抗微生物是沼液抑菌防病的主要因子。     

Genetic studies on the powdery mildew resistance of winter barley lines derived from Hordeum spontaneum accessions collected in Israel

The genetics of the powdery mildew resistance of 15 Hordeum spontaneum-derived winter barley lines were studied in testcrosses with selected cultivars carrying the MIa12 and MIa13 resistance alleles, in order to identify the inheritance of the resistance and to test for linkage with the MIa locus on chromosome 1H (5). A total of 27 genes were identified. Only one of these genes (in line 1–12 x Dura) could eventually be allelic to a gene previously identified in H. spontaneum Koch. A monofactorial dominant inheritance was identified in the majority of the lines. Three of the tested lines possessed recessively inherited genes and in one line a dominant and a recessive gene were identified. In respect to the reaction of the lines against European mildew cultures, lines with a bifactorially inherited resistance had a broader resistance spectrum than those with a monofactorial inheritance, while lines carrying recessive factors showed a moderately expressed resistance. In three cases a linkage with the MIa locus was found, while in two further lines a possible allelism to this locus was indicated by the absence of recombinant progeny plants. By using more than two isolates for linkage analysis, it was possible to identify additional genes for mildew resistance, reaching a maximum number of four genes in the same line. In some cases, a different inheritance was observed for the resistance of the same line against different isolates. It was assumed that different genes exist, each being effective against a different isolate.     

轮纹病菌侵染对不同抗性苹果品种膜透性及防御酶的影响

对轮纹病菌Botryosphaeria berengriana f.sp.piricola侵染3个不同抗性苹果品种枝条后的细胞膜透性及防御酶系的变化进行了测定,以分析其与抗性的关系。结果表明,接种后38天内,3个品种电解质渗出率均有先升后降的趋势,鸡冠、国光和富士电解质渗出率变化的峰值分别为8.1%、12.2%和18.4%,抗病品种鸡冠的变化明显低于感病品种富士和国光。接种后35天内,苯丙氨酸解氨酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶也表现为先升后降的趋势,且抗病品种的峰值出现较晚。抗病品种鸡冠的苯丙氨酸解氨酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性变化峰值分别为234、50.88U·g-1FW·h-1和14.22U·g-1FW·min-1,高于国光和富士,而多酚氧化酶活性变化的峰值为37.78U·g-1FW·min-1,低于感病品种国光和富士。     

硝/铵营养对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响

通过室内平板培养,研究了不同硝/铵配比的氮源,以及不同的pH对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响。结果表明: 1）在所有不同硝/铵配比处理中,低pH（pH=4）均抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长。在相同pH值条件下,100%铵态氮处理中尖孢镰刀菌的生长受到明显抑制,其菌落直径均小于4 cm; 2）在不同浓度铵处理后,尖孢镰刀菌的生长在铵态氮大于5 mmol/L时受到强烈的抑制; 3）通过模拟植物细胞壁被尖孢镰刀菌侵染并穿透的过程中发现,尖孢镰刀菌在100%铵态氮处理下不能穿透赛璐膜。本研究结果说明,铵态氮能够控制香蕉尖孢镰刀菌的生长,并抑制其侵染穿透寄主细胞壁。     

香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种拮抗细菌的筛选与鉴定

为了筛选出对香蕉枯萎病菌具有拮抗作用的生物防治细菌菌株,从香蕉根际土中分离得到87株细菌菌株,采用平板对峙法,筛选出7株对香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种具有拮抗作用的菌株,并进行了抑制枯萎病菌4号小种菌丝生长和孢子萌发的试验.结果显示,拮抗菌株255、D5、F2、ZK11、214、215、252的发酵液对菌丝具有显著抑制效果...     

水稻植株光合作用能力的变化与其抗白背飞虱的关系

稻株受白背飞虱为害后 ,感虫品种 (TN1和汕优 63)光合作用速率和叶绿素含量下降率比抗虫品种 (N2 2 )明显 ;汕优 63和N2 2品种的二磷酸核酮糖 (RuBP)羧化酶的含量和活力均增加 ,TN1品种在为害 5d时RuBP羧化酶的含量和活力明显增加 ,而在为害 1 0d时显著下降 ;感虫品种受害后叶片光合产物滞留比抗虫品种多 ,即感虫品种光合产物向叶鞘、茎、分蘖和根等部位的转移量少于抗虫品种。