运用双液相系统进行三氯苯的生物降解

Due to easy volatilization of volatile organic compounds from water,it is difficult to monitor their aerobic biodegradation in the traditional single water system.Whether a two-liquid-phase system(TLPS) could overcome this obstacle and enhance the degradation of volatile contaminants? In this study,a TLPS composed of silicone oil and water was employed to investigate the biodegradation of volatile compounds,trichlorobenzenes(TCBs),by the adapted microorganisms in an activated soil.The degradation and volatilization of TCBs in TLPS and in a single water system were compared.The results showed that due to volatilization losses of TCBs,the mass balance of TCBs in a single water system was very low.In contrast,using TLPS could effectively inhibit the volatilization losses of TCBs and achieved a very good mass balance during the biodegradation process.Meanwhile,the TLPS could increase microbial activity and microbial growth during the degradation process.With TLPS,the TCB degradation was in descending order of 1,2,4-TCB> 1,2,3-TCB>> 1,3,5-TCB,which was related to the exposed concentration of the contaminants in soil.This study showed that TLPS could be employed as an effective tool to evaluate the biodegradation of volatile hydrophobic organic compounds,which could not be achieved with the traditional single water system.     

加强红壤退化分区治理,促进东南红壤丘陵区现代高效生态农业发展

本文概述了我国东南丘陵区红壤退化现状、原因和治理意义,总结了30年来不同阶段红壤退化治理的成果,分析了红壤区域进一步发展现代高效生态农业的途径。论文提出针对红壤区域保障粮食安全、保护生态环境和应对全球气候变化的多重目标,在常规化学农业基础上,充分利用区域水热资源优势,融合生态农业、循环农业和智慧农业等模式的科学理念和优势,创新区域现代高效农业的建设原理、关键技术、配套政策法规和管理体系;针对红壤退化的区域特征,开展流域尺度红壤退化的综合治理和适度规模经营,建立红壤流域智慧农业发展模式,促进红壤区域农业现代化。     

农户行为与土壤退化的制度经济学分析

由人类活动和自然因素综合作用导致的土壤退化已引起全球的日益关注。国内外许多学者从不同的角度对这一问题进行了研究。本文以制度经济学观点为视角，认为制度因素对农户的约束主要作用于两个方面：一是产生不同的激励机制，改变投资的收益效率；二是影响耕作方式及技术选择的客观条件。将农户作为中间媒介体，本文进而就制度因素对土壤退化的影响提出了一个基本研究思路。     

阿维菌素在土壤中的降解和高效降解菌的筛选

运用恒温培养法研究了阿维菌素在不同土壤中的降解动力学。结果表明 ,土壤有机质、土壤温度和农药浓度对阿维菌素的降解有较大影响 ,这可能和土壤微生物有关。从试验土壤中分离到一株高效降解阿维菌素的菌株 ,经 16SrDNA鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌 (Stenotrophomonasmaltrophilia)。土壤接种该优势菌后有助于加快阿维菌素的降解     

Land-use effects on organic matter and physical properties of soil in a southern Mediterranean highland of Turkey

Forest and grassland soils in highlands of southern Mediterranean Turkey are being seriously degraded and destructed due to extensive agricultural activities. This study investigated the effects of changes in land-use type on some soil properties in a Mediterranean plateau. Three adjacent land-use types included the cultivated lands, which have been converted from pastures for 12 years, fragmented forests, and unaltered pastures lands. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from four sites at each of the three different land-use types from depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm in Typic Haploxeroll soils with an elevation of about 1400 m. When the pasture was converted into cultivation, soil organic matter (SOM) pool of cultivated lands for a depth of 0–20 cm were significantly reduced by, on average 49% relative to SOM content of the pasture lands. There was no significant difference in SOM between the depths in each land-use type, and SOM values of the forest and pasture lands were almost similar. There was also a significant change in soil bulk density (BD) among cultivation (1.33 Mg m⁻³), pasture (1.19 Mg m⁻³), and forest (1.25 Mg m⁻³) soils at depth of 0–20 cm. Only for the pasture, BD of the depth of 0–10 cm was significantly different from that of 10–20 cm. Depending upon the increases in BD and disruption of pores by cultivation, total porosity decreased accordingly. Cultivation of the unaltered pasture obviously increased the soil erodibility measured by USLE-K factor for each soil depth, and USLE-K factor was approximately two times greater in the cultivated land than in the pasture indicating the vulnerability of the cultivated land to water erosion. The mean weight diameter (MWD) and water-stable aggregation (WSA) were greater in the pasture and forest soils compared to the cultivated soils, and didn’t change with the depth for each land-use type. Aggregates of >4.0 mm size were dominant in the pasture and forest soils, whereas the cultivated soils comprised aggregates of the size ≤0.5 mm. I found that samples collected from cultivated land gave the lowest saturated hydraulic conductivity values regardless of soil depths, whereas the highest values were measured on samples from forest soils. In conclusion, the results showed that the cultivation of the pastures degraded the soil physical properties, leaving soils more susceptible to the erosion. This suggests that land disturbances should be strictly avoided in the pastures with the limited soil depth in the southern Mediterranean highlands.     

The cost of soil lost from fields due to removal on harvested sugarbeet: a case study in Turkey

Abstract. Soil removed on sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L .) at harvest may be an important factor in soil degradation causing significant decline in soil productivity. This study evaluated soil losses on sugarbeet and estimated the cost of plant nutrients lost by this process. The losses were calculated using data from the agricultural reports published by the General Directorate of the Turkish Sugar Industry. Organic matter and plant available nutrient contents of soils removed from sugarbeet fields were determined. It was estimated that approximately 30 000 t of soil is lost annually in Erzurum, and 1.2 million t in the whole of Turkey. The cost of N, P and K losses is approximately 60 000 US$ annually for the study area.     

An integrative method to quantify contaminant fluxes in the groundwater of urban areas

Background, Aims, and Scope  Groundwater in urban areas is often contaminated and emission sources can be located close to groundwater wells. The delineation of contaminant plumes is difficult because of the various potential emission sources. Thus, detection, quantification and remediation of contaminated sites in a city need more integrative approaches. Methods  A method has been developed which allows quantification of mass fluxes of contaminants in groundwater between control planes. Budget zones along the flow path are defined to calculate a contaminant balance and to quantitatively reveal input areas. Concentrations and water budgets are used to calculate mass balances for each contaminant. The city of Darmstadt (Germany) was chosen to evaluate the method. Results  The groundwater monitoring wells (GMWs) upstream of the city showed anthropogenically superposed background values for all naturally occurring inorganic species. The contaminant concentrations increased in the city (probably influenced by road traffic, gas stations, leaking sewers, etc.). Downstream from the city, concentrations usually decreased. Organic compounds typical for urban environments, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), locally exceeded drinking water regulations. In GMWs with high concentrations of organic contaminants in the city or downstream from industrial areas, a significant increase in Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ could be observed, in some cases coinciding with a decrease in NO₃, SO₄ and an increase in NH₄. Discussion  For typical urban contaminants, a positive budget was calculated in several zones, which shows that emissions from urban sources are reaching the groundwater. Negative budgets can be mainly explained with diving plumes and degradation. The input calculated from the individual budget zones is usually higher than the input estimated from urban emissions. Differences between the calculated and the estimated input can be explained with additional sources or (bio)degradation processes. Conclusions  It was confirmed that high concentrations of contaminants do not necessarily correlate with high fluxes. Integrative approaches can reveal areas of high contaminant mass input. The results obtained with the new method are plausible compared to the land use and the estimated urban input. The concentration pattern of Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, SO₄ and NO₃ is partly due to natural processes, triggered by the degradation of organic matter and organic contaminants. Recommendations  Since this method includes mass balances and flux calculations, avoiding an overestimation of single point contaminant concentration, it is recommended to use this approach to quantify groundwater contamination in cities. Further research is focusing on the role of urban soils as natural reservoirs for the input of contaminants.     

Effectiveness of dicyandiamide as a nitrification inhibitor in biochar-amended soil

Overuse of nitrogen (N) fertilizers may lead to many environmental issues via N leaching into groundwater and agricultural runoff into surface water. Biochar, a sustainable soil amendment agent, has been widely studied because of its potential to retain moisture and nutrients. However, recent studies have shown that biochar has a very limited ability to improve the retention of negatively charged nitrite (NO₂^-) or nitrate (NO₃^-). Although positively charged ammonium (NH₄⁺) can be better held by biochar, it is usually susceptible to nitrification and can be easily transformed into highly mobile NO₂^-and/or NO₃^-. In practice, dicyandiamide (DCD) has been used to inhibit nitrification, preserving N in its relatively immobile form as NH₄⁺. Therefore, it is likely that the effects of DCD and biochar in soils would be synergistic. In this study, the influences of biochar on the effectiveness of DCD as a nitrification inhibitor in a biochar-amended soil were investigated by combining the experimental results of incubation, adsorption isotherm, and column transport with the simulated results of different mathematical models. Biochar was found to stimulate the degradation of DCD, as the maximum degradation rate slightly increased from 1.237 to 1.276 mg kg^-1 d^-1 but the half-saturation coefficient significantly increased from 5.766 to 9.834 mg kg^-1. Considering the fact that the availability of DCD for nitrification inhibition was continuously decreasing because of its degradation, a novel model assuming non-competitive inhibition was developed to simulate nitrification in the presence of a decreasing amount of DCD. Depending on the environmental conditions, if the degradation of DCD and NH₄⁺ in biochar-amended soil is not significant, improved contact due to the mitigated spatial separation between NH₄⁺ and DCD could possibly enhance the effectiveness of DCD.     

Bt棉棉子中Bt蛋白定量检测方法建立及变化规律研究

应用Envirologix试剂盒测定99B、33B棉子仁中Bt蛋白的含量,分别为4376.4ng·g1和4321.7ng·g1;测定系列稀释的棉子仁提取液,Envirologix试剂盒测得的OD450和Agdia试剂盒测得的OD630间的相关性很好,相关系数接近0.99;而Agdia试剂盒测得的系列稀释液的OD630与其Bt蛋白含量间有很好的相关性,相关系数大于0.99。据此,利用Agdia试剂盒测得99B、33B棉子、棉子仁、棉子壳在12个月的贮存过程中Bt蛋白含量的变化规律,棉子、棉子仁中Bt蛋白含量降低一半,棉子壳中Bt蛋白含量降低四分之一。