多胺与植物抗逆性关系研究进展

多胺是广泛分布于植物体内具有调控作用的生理活性物质,其代谢变化与高等植物的生长和发育关系密切。综述多胺与植物的渗透胁迫、低温胁迫、盐胁迫、酸胁迫等逆境胁迫关系的研究进展,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

Collection time,cutting age,IBA and putrescine effects on root formation in Corylus avellana L. cuttings

The effects of collection time, cutting age, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and putrescine application on the rooting of cuttings of Italian hazelnut cultivars ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’, ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ and ‘Nocchione’ were investigated. Samples collected during late June, late July and early September from newly formed and 1-year old part of twigs to be utilized to produce leafy cuttings, after being treated with 1000 and 2000 ppm IBA, respectively. In addition, the September cuttings were also treated, respectively, with 1000 and 2000 ppm IBA and 1600 ppm putrescine. Rooting ability was evaluated 2 months after planting for each treatment and collection time. Satisfactory rooting of hazelnut leafy cuttings was observed when collection time occurred in June and September, whereas leafy cuttings collected in July showed a limited capacity of rooting in all cultivars tested. On average, the rooting of the newly formed leafy cuttings was more than the 1-year old cuttings. Rooting was also promoted by IBA treatments, mainly in ‘Nocchione’ and ‘Tonda di Giffoni’. In contrast, young cuttings collected from ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’ in early September rooted poorly when treated with IBA alone, but showed the best rooting (∼80%) after the application of a combination of 1000 ppm IBA and 1600 ppm putrescine. The current findings confirm that putrescine can be a useful substance for increasing rooting percentage and root quality in cuttings of some hazelnut cultivars as obtained from ‘Tonda Gentile Romana’ cultivar.     

多胺对冬小麦籽粒灌浆的影响及其生理机制

以周麦18和西农538为材料研究表明,喷施精胺(Spm)或亚精胺(Spd)显著促进冬小麦籽粒灌浆,而喷施腐胺(Put)对冬小麦籽粒灌浆无显著影响;外源Spm或Spd显著提高旗叶叶绿素含量、光合作用以及抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,同时显著降低旗叶丙二醛以及籽粒乙烯释放速率。说明不同类型多胺对冬小麦的影响不同,多胺对冬小麦籽粒灌浆的影响与叶片光合、衰老以及籽粒ETH释放速率密切相关。     

鸭梨,茌梨果实采前乙烯生物合成特性研究

鸭梨、茌梨果实均从盛花后１４５天进入呼吸跃变，同时伴随着乙烯释放高峰的出现。鸭梨的乙烯合成酶（ＥＦＥ）活性和氨基环丙烷羧酸（ＡＣＣ）含量高于茌梨，乙烯释放量的峰值是茌梨的４倍，两品种果实的ＥＦＥ活性变化与果实的呼吸跃变和乙烯释放量的变化同步，ＡＣＣ含量自盛花后１３５天，一直呈止升趋势。两品种果实内含有亚精胺、腐胺和精胺三种内源多胺，亚精胺与梨果实乙烯生物合成有关。     

多胺与脱落酸对辣椒子叶再生的影响

 以‘中椒5 号’甜椒和‘湘研10 号’辣椒为试材, 探讨了Spm (精胺) 、Spd (亚精胺) 和ABA(脱落酸) 的不同浓度与不同添加时期对子叶再生的影响。结果表明: 在不定芽分化期和伸长期添加100μmol·L^-1的精胺能显著提高中椒5 号和湘研10 号不定芽的伸长率, 分别较对照提高78%和73%; 在不定芽分化期添加0.3 mg·L^-1的ABA 能促进不定芽分化, 两品种分别较对照提高52.8 %和71.6 %。     

黄瓜花药和花粉高温伤害与多胺和脯氨酸含量的关系

 黄瓜花药在开花期比花粉母细胞形成期(阶段1) 和单核花粉期(阶段2) 腐胺、精胺、亚精胺含量较低, 游离脯氨酸(Pro) 含量较高。高温(35 ℃/ 25 ℃) 使阶段1、阶段2 花药中上述3 种内源多胺含量及开花期花药和花粉中Pro 含量下降。黄瓜花粉在萌发培养基上培养1 h 时3 种内源多胺含量达峰值,此后下降; Pro 含量随着花粉萌发逐步下降; 高温(35 ℃) 下黄瓜花粉萌发后3 种内源多胺含量的上升和Pro 水平的下降趋势被抑制, 但耐热品系XC21、NY21 受高温的影响小于热敏品系新泰密刺或不受影响, 表明多胺和Pro 代谢与耐热性有关。外源鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT) 的抑制剂3 氨基- 2 , 3 - 二羟基安息香酸(Gabaculine) 能降低黄瓜花粉的萌发能力, 同时提高花粉中内源多胺的含量并降低Pro 的含量, 表明黄瓜花粉萌发过程中可能存在由Pro 合成多胺的途径。     

水分亏缺逆境对温室黄瓜生长及有关物质代谢的影响

 不同土壤含水量对黄瓜生长影响很大: 土壤水分充足时, 植株生长健壮高大, 叶片舒展, 叶面积大。水分处理初期, 叶片脯氨酸、游离蛋白质含量随着土壤含水量的降低而增加, 水分处理时间延长则此趋势消失。叶片与根中亚精胺(Spd) 和腐胺(Put) 含量均随着土壤水分的减少而增加, 不同水分处理对黄瓜叶片与根中精胺(Spm) 含量的影响不大。叶片ABA 含量随着土壤含水量的减少而增加。     

Role of polyamines during in vitro rhizogenesis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nothofagus nervosa</Emphasis> using successive culture media

An in vitro rooting protocol for producing Nothofagus nervosa microplants using successive steps during tissue culture is reported. Qualitative and quantitative changes in putrescine, spermidine, and spermine tissue contents, during the rooting process and their correlation with other biochemical markers and morphological changes, provided the rationale for their use during the study of a successive in vitro culture protocol for N. nervosa, as well as the use of their inhibitors. The polyamine tissue content was maximum before root emergence (spermine raised to 100 nmol/g FW to later decreased to ca. 50 nmol/g FW in the following days), but it was lower in improved rooting media (197 nmol/g FW compared to 264 nmol/g FW of the control medium). It was concluded that polyamines qualitatively and quantitatively improve in vitro rhizogenesis, and the best successive culture media included 10 μM spermine during the expression phase.      

根际低氧胁迫下外源亚精胺对黄瓜幼苗多胺和抗氧化系统的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了根际低氧胁迫下不同浓度外源亚精胺（Spd）处理对黄瓜幼苗根系和叶片中多胺含量、抗氧化酶活性、O₂^ˉ 产生速率、H₂O₂和MDA含量的影响。结果表明,营养液中添加0.05 mm ol·L^-1 Spd,可促进低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的生长,缓解低氧胁迫的伤害;低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内抗氧化酶活性和多胺含量之间存在着密切的关系,0.05 mmol·L^-1外源Spd可明显提高植株体内Spd和Spm含量,降低Put含量,提高（Spd + Spm）/ Put比值,增强抗氧化酶活性,降低O₂^ˉ 产生速率、H₂O₂和MDA含量,从而促进植株的生长,提高植株对低氧胁迫的耐性。     

冷冻大熊猫初乳XO和PAO活性测定及其与牛、羊乳的比较

黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)和多胺氧化酶(PAO)是乳汁中两类重要的氧化还原酶,与新生幼崽免疫系统的形成密切相关。采用牛、羊鲜乳及其冷冻乳建立XO和PAO活性的Amplex Red荧光检测方法,对冷冻大熊猫初乳中XO和PAO活性进行测定,并与新鲜和冷冻牛、羊乳中这两种酶的活性进行比较。结果表明,3种乳中XO活性高于PAO活性;XO活性总体趋势为牛乳>大熊猫初乳>羊乳;PAO活性总体趋势为牛乳>羊乳>大熊猫初乳。大熊猫初乳通过XO、PAO和乳过氧化物酶LPO系统的协同抗菌机制在新生幼崽肠道微生物和先天免疫系统形成过程中发挥作用且以XO为主。