A non-ACC pathway for ethylene biosynthesis in Botrytis cinerea

Premature softening and tissue senescence occur in kiwifruit infected with Botrytis cinerea. While ethylene production is enhanced in infected fruit and B. cinerea produces ethylene on defined media in vitro the source of ethylene in this pathosystem is unclear. Ethylene production by B. cinerea was enhanced when methionine or ∝-keto-methylthiobutyric acid (KMBA) was added to a defined (modified Pratts) medium. Although 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) did not stimulate ethylene production, ∝-aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) was inhibitory suggesting a role for a pyridoxal phosphate mediated enzyme reaction down stream from the methionine/KMBA stimulated ethylene biosynthetic pathway. Cobalt chloride (Co²⁺) was inhibitory, but after a 4-d lag period ethylene production from B. cinerea cultures containing methionine and Co²⁺ reached the same level as those without Co²⁺. [U ¹⁴C] methionine was converted to ¹⁴C-ethylene with high efficiency indicating that it is a direct precursor, while [2,3 ¹⁴C]-ACC did not yield radioactively labelled ethylene. These results suggest that the ethylene biosynthetic pathway in B. cinerea does not involve ACC as a precursor and that the enzyme responsible for synthesising ethylene is similar to, but different from, ACC oxidase from higher plants. The ethylene biosynthetic pathway in B. cinerea is yet to be determined.     

Boundary Element Method for Time-dependent Chloride Diffusion and the Chloride Distribution in Concrete

The process of chloride diffusion in concrete is time-dependent.The boundary element method (BEM) with a time-dependent diffusion coefficient is presented for chloride diffusion in concrete based on the suitable transformation of variables.The fundamental solution of the partial differential equation for time-dependent chloride diffusion in concrete is developed,and the compensation length of the diffusion field is defined as well as the compensation coefficient.The scheme of BEM with a time-dependent diffusion coefficient is developed.Two examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the presented method and the rationality and the importance of the compensation length for the method.     

茶根尖细胞各胞器分部的分离及其铝的分布

将茶树根尖细胞分离为细胞壁分部、细胞质分部、细胞核分部和线粒体分部,并对各胞器分部的含铝量进行了测定,研究表明:茶树根细胞含铝量,水培液加铝苗大于无铝苗,细胞各胞器分部的含铝量为:细胞壁分部>细胞质分部>细胞核分部>线粒体分部;不同处理细胞壁分部含铝量变化大,细胞核分部变化则桐对较小, Al pH 3.5处理的细胞壁分部含铝量最高,达160.9μg/g鲜重,比-Al pH 3.5处理高近29倍。     

供铝条件下氮对茶苗生长发育的影响

利用水培薮北种茶树，研究了供铝条件下，不同浓度氮（Ｎ）对茶树生育的影响，结果表明，水培３７天后，添加０．４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ铝（＋Ａｌ）处理的茶苗新根多而长，不加铝（－Ａｌ）处理的茶苗新根少而短，加铝处理的新根长、新芽长和新梢萌展值分为对照处理的１２６．８９％、２４３．６３％和２３１．５４％，全株干物重＋Ａｌ＞－Ａｌ，干物量随Ｎ浓度提高而增加．茶叶的全氮量及细根茶氨酸含量＋Ａｌ＞－Ａｌ；不同浓度Ｎ处理的全氮量及茶氨酸含量随Ｎ浓度提高而增大。研究表明，铝有助于茶树对其他营养元素的吸收，氮浓度为２０－４０ｍｇ／Ｌ处理的生长量最高。     

氯化铵、亚硝酸钠及硫化钠水平对缢蛏存活的影响

研究氯化铵、亚硝酸钠和硫化钠水平对缢蛏(Sinonovaculaconstricta)存活的影响,共3个实验:实验1研究了氯化铵水平(0、100、158、251、398、631、1000和1585mg/L)对缢蛏存活的影响,发现随氯化铵水平的升高,缢蛏存活率呈下降趋势;在24、48、72和96h,LC50分别为515.65、163.44、104.99和85.48mg/L,安全浓度为4.93mg/L。实验2研究了亚硝酸钠水平(0、4、10、25、63、158、398和1000mg/L)对缢蛏存活的影响,发现随亚硝酸钠水平的升高,缢蛏存活率呈下降趋势;在24、48、72和96h,LC50分别为713.00、217.07、87.90和23.61mg/L,安全浓度为6.04mg/L。实验3研究了硫化钠水平(0、13、25、50、100、200、398、794、1585、3162和6310mg/L)对缢蛏存活的影响,发现随硫化钠水平的升高,缢蛏存活率呈下降趋势;在24、48、72和96h,LC50分别为3843.18、2072.71、1011.95和306.30mg/L,安全浓度为180.87mg/L。     

30％胺鲜酯·甲哌翁水剂对花生生长及产量的调控作用

通过田间试验观察了30％胺鲜酯·甲哌翁水剂对花生生长及产量的调控作用。结果表明：30％胺鲜酯·甲哌鎓水剂在剂量90～180mL／hm^2时能控制花生植株生长，使花生株型矮化，单株饱荚数、饱荚重和籽仁重比空白对照均有所增加；每公顷饱荚产量和籽仁产量分别比对照提高了15．6％～59．8％、10．7％～35．4％；30％胺鲜酯·甲哌鎓水剂各浓度处理对花生品质没有影响。     

不同氯化物对土壤铜活性的影响

采用室内培养方法研究了不同氯化物KCl、NH4Cl、MgCl2、CaCl2和FeCl3作为添加剂对土壤中铜的活性影响。结果表明,施用各种添加剂都可增加土壤中水溶态和交换态铜含量以增加土壤铜的活性,且随着投加的氯化物浓度的增加而增加,其中FeCl3对土壤铜的活化能力最强,而KCl对土壤铜的活化能力最弱。     

氯化铵对土壤酸碱度和硝化作用的影响

氯化铵对遂宁石灰质紫色土的酸碱度影响不大,而对重庆中性紫色土的酸碱度有明显影响,其pH值比其他几种化肥处理的低0.2左右;供试的几种肥料中,氯化铵处理的土壤硝化作用显著降低。因此,施用氯化铵可减少氮素流失;氯化铵中氯离子在土壤中易于移动,其流失量约为硫酸根离子的2～3倍。     

Effects on soils and leaching after application of dolomite to an acidified forested catchment in the Lake Gårdsjön watershed,south-west Sweden

The dry forest soils (80%) of a 3.3 ha catchment in Gårdsjön, were treated with 1.5 ton/ha dolomite in 1984. In half the catchment an additional dose of 4.5 ton/ha was added in 1986 (i.e. totaly 6 ton/ha). By 1991 the concentrations of exchangeable calcium and magnesium had increased by 450% to 800% in the humus layer and upper 0–5 cm of the mineral soils and by 500% and 300%, respectively, in the 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depth in the 6 ton/ha part. By 1.5 ton, Ca and Mg increased in humus and 0–5 cm in the mineral soil. Potassium decreased in the humus and the mineral soil with both 1.5 ton and 6 ton per ha. The accumulated output of K by runoff was however only 1 kg during the 6 years until 1992, which indicates that the losses from the soil also may have resulted in increased uptake by the forest. Tree growth and nutrient content in current needles was, however, unchanged. Increased contents of Mg, Ca and Zn was observed in some species of ground vegetation. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations and fluxes in runoff were identical to the reference catchment, while inorganic Al and Mn decreased by 40–50% and H⁺ by 30%. The accumulated extra output by runoff of Mg was about 7% and of Ca 0.6% of the amounts applied by the two treatments in 1984 and 1986.     

Microbial mineralization of atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in riparian pasture and forest soils

Microbial biomass and mineralization of atrazine [2-chloro-4(ethylamino)-6(isopropylamino)s-triazine] and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid) were examined in the top 10 cm of riparian pasture soils and in the litter layer and top 10 cm of mineral soils of riparian forest ecosystems. The riparian forest litter had higher levels of active and total fungal biomass than forest or pasture mineral soils in winter, spring, and fall. Active bacterial biomass was higher in forest litter than in forest and pasture mineral soils in spring and autumn, and higher in forest mineral soils than in pasture soils in summer. Total bacterial biomass was higher in forest mineral soils than in pasture soils during all seasons. In spring, it was also higher in forest litter than in pasture soils. Atrazie and 2,4-D mineralization in pasture soils was exceeded by that in forest litter in spring and autumn and by that in forest mineral soils in summer and autumn. There was no correlation between either active or total fungal and bacterial biomass with pesticide degradation.