不同改良剂对铅污染砖红壤的修复效果

在未污染的花岗岩砖红壤中加入重金属Pb,平衡两周后在污染土壤上施用不同水平的钙镁磷肥、牛粪、钙镁磷肥 牛粪等改良剂,以小白菜作为指示作物,根据小白菜生长动态变化和收获后生物量、Pb吸收量、土壤pH、土壤中有效Pb含量等理化性质的差异,来评价各种改良剂对Pb污染砖红壤的改良效果,以便为海南花岗岩砖红壤Pb污染修复提供理论依据。实验结果表明:各改良剂对Pb污染土壤都有一定的修复效果,不同程度的减轻了小白菜的毒害症状,其中钙镁磷肥与牛粪配施处理效果最好,该处理的小白菜不仅生物量高,而且Pb含量较低;其次是钙镁磷肥处理,而改良效果最差的是牛粪,其植株叶片不仅稍有黄化症状,且Pb含量较高。     

南方地区茶树菇无公害栽培技术规程

依据茶树菇生物学特征要求,结合南方气候特点和资源状况,集成目前国内外茶树菇栽培先进技术和经验,从茶树菇无公害栽培角度,对茶树菇栽培场所、栽培季节、栽培管理和病虫害防治等方面进行规范。     

Transgenic Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) over-expressing growth hormone show reduced ammonia excretion

The growth of aquaculture has negatively affected the environment due to the high levels of nitrogen excreted by farmed fish. Here we propose that modifying the nitrogen metabolism of the fish themselves using transgenic technology might solve the pollution problem. Growth hormone (GH) is known to increase protein retention and absorption, and is thought to reduce ammonia excretion. Thus, we produced transgenic Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) that over-expressed the GH gene throughout their bodies. Our findings showed that the food-conversion efficiency of the transgenic fish was 35% higher than that of their non-transgenic siblings. The rearing period required for the transgenic fish to reach a body weight of 20 g was about 75% of that required for non-transgenic fish that were fed the same type and quantity of food. The total amount of ammonium-nitrogen excreted by the transgenic fish was about 69% of that excreted by the wild-type fish over their lifetime. These results suggest that our transgenic approach has the potential to reduce the amount of nitrogen pollution caused by farmed fish. This strategy is a promising option for making aquaculture more ‘eco-friendly’.     

Discussion on the Green Tax Stimulation Measure of Nitrogen Fertilizer Non- Point Source Pollution Control - Taking the Dongting Lake Area in China as a Case

A study on designing the tax of nitrogen fertilizer can provide a new method for controlling nitrogen fertilizer non-point source pollution. The tax design of nitrogen fertilizer was discussed by utilizing the external theory and the demand elasticity theory. The results indicated that the coefficient of price elasticity of nitrogen fertilizer demand is -0.21, which instructed that the market demand is in lack of elasticity in the short period and the impact of nitrogen fertilizer manufacturers is subtle. The 11 counties (cities and boroughs) in the Dongting Lake area in China, where the farmland nitrogen application surpassed the average ecological fertilization dosage, is listed to the taxation scope of nitrogen fertilizer tax. The environment loss will reduce 0.07 hundred million RMB yuan and the revenue will increase 0.89 hundred million RMB yuan in the country after levying on nitrogen fertilizer. The loss, which was brought by the decreasing food supplies production, will be 0.58 hundred million RMB yuan and the net social benefit will be 0.38 hundred million RMB yuan following revenue collection. The variation scope of the increasing expenditure of farmers will range from 0.95 to 1.49%. The variation scope of the income of farmers will range from -8.41 to 6.44%. The 5 areas, Yunxi Borough, Junshan Borough, Hanshou County, Jinshi City, and Ziyang Borough, had an increase in food supplies production after the revenue collection. The environment loss will reduce 0.01 hundred million RMB yuan and the revenue will increase 0.16 hundred million RMB yuan in the country after levying on nitrogen fertilizer. The economic benefits, which was brought by the increasing cereals production, will be 0.67 hundred million RMB yuan and the net social benefit will be 0.84 hundred million RMB yuan after revenue collection. The variation scope of the increasing expenditure of farmers will range from 0.95 to 1.06%. The variation scope of the increasing income of farmers will range from 0.69 to 6.44%. Considering the entire social welfare, taxation of nitrogen fertilizer will have more advantages than disadvantages in the Dongting Lake area.     

不同碳源对水稻土泥浆中铁还原特征的影响

以四川省典型水稻土（SC）和浙江省典型水稻土（ZJ）为供试土壤,通过泥浆厌氧培养试验,测定添加葡萄糖、乙酸盐及乳酸等碳源处理下土壤泥浆中Fe(Ⅱ)含量变化,采用Logistic模型对Fe(Ⅲ)的还原特征进行拟合。结果表明,2种水稻土中利用不同碳源的铁还原能力具有明显差异,不同碳源对ZJ的铁还原特征影响较为明显,而对SC的铁还原影响有限;在SC中,添加不同碳源后最大铁还原速率为葡萄糖>乳酸> +Fe >乙酸盐;在ZJ中为葡萄糖>+Fe>乙酸盐>乳酸。通过添加乳酸和乳酸盐处理的比较发现,体系的pH对铁还原的影响显著,其中石灰性水稻土SC酸碱缓冲能力强,表现为对乳酸和乳酸盐处理的铁还原差异不显著,而在酸性水稻土ZJ中的差异明显。葡萄糖对供试土壤中铁还原过程具有明显的促进作用,而添加乙酸盐则具有一定抑制作用,乳酸的作用则因土壤酸碱度而异。较乳酸而言,乳酸盐对水稻土的酸碱性没有选择性,且能够对铁还原过程起到促进作用。     

天山北坡土壤重金属含量的分布特征及其来源解释

以天山北坡巴里坤 伊吾、新源 巴音布鲁克和昭苏 特克斯3个区段为研究区域, 利用新疆土壤背景值、土壤环境质量二级标准(GB15618-1995)、单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对不同区段土壤重金属含量进行污染评价, 应用多元统计分析方法对不同区段之间的土壤重金属含量及其污染指数进行定量比较, 分析并阐明不同区段土壤重金属含量的分布特征及其污染来源。结果表明: 天山北坡巴里坤 伊吾区段各重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)含量的平均值及其单因子污染指数和综合污染指数比新源 巴音布鲁克区段、昭苏 特克斯区段高, 新源 巴音布鲁克区段的比昭苏 特克斯区段高。巴里坤 伊吾区段土壤重金属污染程度比新源 巴音布鲁克区段、昭苏 特克斯区段高, 新源 巴音布鲁克区段的比昭苏 特克斯区段高。巴里坤 伊吾区段重金属污染除了受成土母质的影响之外, 还受人为因子(交通、工业和农业、旅游业)的影响, 其中PC1方差贡献率为91.22%; 新源 巴音布鲁克区段土壤重金属污染除了受成土母质的影响之外, 还受人为因子(交通和工业)的影响, 其中PC1方差贡献率为67.58%, PC2贡献率为22.47%; 昭苏 特克斯区段土壤重金属污染主要受成土母质的影响, 此外该区段的农业对其也有一定影响, 其中PC1方差贡献率为47.93%, PC2方差贡献率为29.84%。     

不同地理种源沙棘苗期抗逆性试验研究

采用多维灰色评估的方法对参试的２３个不同地理种源的沙棘苗期抗性进行的综合评判结果表明：就黄土高原沟壑区而言，华北种源区的沙棘苗期抗逆性极强；原苏联、蒙古、尼泊尔和我国新疆等高寒地区的沙棘苗期抗逆性极差，表现为极端不适应。河北丰宁、辽宁建平罗扶沟、山西关帝山和大岳山等产地应作为黄土高原沟壑区营造经济型沙棘林的主要调种区域。     

浮游生物完整性指数在浙江水源地水质评价中的应用

2009年9月和2010年8月依次对浙江省4座大中型水库水源地的浮游生物现状进行了调查,采用浮游生物完整性指数(P-IBI)评价方法对数据进行统计分析。经过对22个备选参数的筛选,构建了以藻类密度、藻类平均体重、藻类生物多样性指数、浮游动物/浮游植物、潜在产毒藻类丰度、不可食藻类密度比为入选参数的浮游生物完整性评价体系;进一步利用该评价体系对4座水库的水生态健康程度进行分级评价。结果表明,4座水库的P-IBI评价分值依次为1.216、5.157、3.304和3.542;P-IBI等级依次为差、优、良、良。评价结果能够较好地反映浙江省水源地的富营养化、藻类水华风险程度等水生态健康状况。     

基于小流域尺度的矿区农田土壤重金属源解析

为定性定量分析浏阳七宝山矿区耕地土壤重金属污染来源及源贡献率,以农业小流域为研究尺度,基于GIS网格布点法共采集了60个0～20 cm耕层土壤样品,测定其Cd、As、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量及pH值,并综合运用地统计、多元统计和正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）模型等方法对小流域耕地土壤典型重金属污染元素进行定量源解析。结果显示：Cd、As、Cu、Zn和Pb的均值分别是湖南省土壤背景值的10.0、2.1、4.5、2.0倍和4.8倍,且超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值（除As外）;多元统计分析将7种元素分成3大类,第一类为Fe和Mn,第二类为As和Pb,第三类为Cd、Cu和Zn;PMF模型解析出7种重金属均受到干湿沉降和历史上污水灌溉的影响,此外,Fe和Mn主要由成土母质控制,Cd、Cu和Zn主要源于矿冶活动（尤其是Cd）,As和Pb则主要来源于农药化肥和交通运输。研究表明,流域内耕地土壤重金属污染的主要来源是人类活动,包括工农业活动和交通运输。     

Electromagnetic field models and their influences onthe temperature field of large hydro generator

To accurately analyze the loss and heat of large hydro generator,the finite element models of 2D steady state electromagnetic field,moving electromagnetic field and field circuit coupling are established respectively.As an example,the losses of the rotor iron and damper winding of a 36 MW tubular hydro generator are calculated.Furthermore,the influences of 3 different electromagnetic field models on the thermal sources and temperatures are analyzed by 3D finite element calculation of the temperature field.The results are compared with the test data and indicate that the precision of the field circuit coupling model is better.The losses of each damp bar are different and the heat of the damp bar at the lee side is larger than that at the windward with the full load.The maximal temperature of the rotor is located at the damper winding,instead of the field winding.The research is valuable for improving the calculation precision of the rotor losses and temperature field and enhancing the reliability of the hydro generator design and operation.