沈阳城市土壤Pb的污染状况及其化学形态研究

研究了沈阳市城市土壤Pb的含量及其化学形态分布,结果表明:沈阳市土壤全Pb平均含量为106.41 mg/kg,变幅为5.65~279.81 mg/kg,各个土地利用类型Pb含量都超过了沈阳市土壤背景值,土壤Pb污染严重。土壤Pb各形态比例为残渣态>有机结合态>铁锰氧化物结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态。各土地利用类型Pb的活性不大。     

基于Plackett-Burman试验设计与响应面法优化玉米秸秆离散元模型

为了减小免耕播种机防堵装置数值模拟的误差,结合物理试验与仿真试验进行玉米秸秆离散元参数的标定。基于Hertz-Mindlin with bonding 接触模型建立了玉米秸秆离散元模型,以物理试验与仿真试验中临界载荷的相对误差为试验指标进行仿真单轴压缩试验;采用Plackett-Burman试验筛选出具有显著性影响的试验因素;采用Box-Behnken响应面法对玉米秸秆离散元模型进行优化。试验结果表明:接触半径和单位面积切向刚度对试验指标影响极显著(P<0.01),单位面积法向刚度对试验指标影响显著(0.01<P<0.05);玉米秸秆的最优离散元参数为,接触半径1.2 mm、单位面积法向刚度9.361×10⁷ N/m³、单位面积切向刚度9.845×10⁷ N/m³,在此条件下,仿真压缩试验的临界载荷为950.2 N,与物理试验值935.4 N的相对误差为1.58%,验证了参数的可靠性。标定的玉米秸秆离散元模型可用于免耕播种机防堵装置的数值模拟,为防堵装置结构优化改进提供了依据。     

Intralesional bovine papillomavirus DNA loads reflect severity of equine sarcoid disease

Reasons for performing study: Sarcoids are nonmetastasising, yet locally aggressive skin tumours that constitute the most frequent neoplasm in equids. Infection by bovine papillomaviruses types 1 and 2 (BPV‐1, BPV‐2) has been recognised as major causative factor in sarcoid pathogenesis, but a possible correlation of intralesional virus load with disease severity has not been established thus far. Hypothesis: Given the pathogenic role of BPV‐1 and BPV‐2 in sarcoid disease, we suggest that intralesional viral DNA concentration may reflect the degree of affection. Methods: Severity of disease was addressed by recording the tumour growth kinetics, lesion number and tumour type for 37 sarcoid‐bearing horses and one donkey. Viral load was estimated via quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) of the E2, E5, L1 and L2 genes from the BPV‐1/‐2 genome for one randomly selected lesion per horse and correlated with disease severity. Results: Quantitative PCR against E2 identified viral DNA concentrations ranging from 0–556 copies/tumour cell. Of 16 horses affected by quiescent, slowly growing single tumours or multiple mild‐type lesions, 15 showed a viral load up to 1.4 copies per cell. In stark contrast, all equids (22/22) bearing rapidly growing and/or multiple aggressive sarcoids had a viral load between 3 and 569 copies per cell. Consistent results were obtained with qPCR against E5, L1 and L2. Conclusions: While tumours of the same clinical type carried variable virus load, confirming that viral titre does not determine clinical appearance, we identified a highly significant correlation between intralesional viral load and disease severity. Potential relevance: The rapid determination of BPV viral load will give a reliable marker for disease severity and may also be considered when establishing a therapeutic strategy.     

锡矿区周边玉米植株中重金属分布特征与污染状况

[目的]研究云南某锡矿区周边玉米植株中重金属分布特征与污染情况。[方法]对云南某锡铅矿区周边污染土壤上种植的玉米植株中重金属含量进行分析。[结果]矿区周围不同区域玉米地土壤重金属污染程度不同,各种重金属污染程度为Cd〉Cu〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr,Cd属于重度污染,Cr在各采样点均未受污染。重金属污染程度不同区域采集玉米植株重金属含量差异较大,具体表现为Pb〉Cd〉Cr〉Zn〉Cu,其中除cu大部分样品污染较轻外,Pb、Cd、Cr和Zn均为重度污染。重金属在玉米植株各器官中的分布特征为：叶〉茎〉果实,玉米各器官中重金属富集系数总体上也表现为：叶〉茎〉果实。[结论]锡矿区周边土壤及玉米植株均受到重金属污染,表现出一定的生态风险。     

Limnological changes in a sub‐tropical shallow hypertrophic lake during its restoration: two years of a whole‐lake experiment

1. Lake Rodó is a turbid system, a condition attributed to algal biomass. The proximal source of the eutrophication was stormwater discharges from an ill‐defined urban area. This paper describes an attempt to restore the water quality of Lake Rodó, the first time this has been done in Uruguay. In spring 1996 it was drained, sediments were removed and stream inputs were diverted. Groundwater was used to re‐fill the lake. Due to its high nutrient concentration a re‐circulation system was designed, pumping water from associated pools covered with free‐floating plants. 2. After the lake was refilled, the system was characterized by oxygen saturation or over‐saturation, neutral to basic pH, and high phosphorus, nitrogen and silicate concentrations. Ratios of total nitrogen (TN):total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (Chl a):TP indicated that phosphorus was the primary limiting nutrient during the period of groundwater supply. Once groundwater pumping had ceased, there was a decrease in TN:TP and Chl a:TP ratios, suggesting N‐limiting conditions prevailed in some periods. 3. Before restoration, the phytoplankton community was dominated year‐round by Planktothrix agardhii; since restoration the community has been more diverse. This change has favoured grazing by mesozooplankton, and the onset of clear‐water phases in spring. 4. Abundant populations of small omnivorous fish maintained a high predation pressure on zooplankton, restricting the abundance of large‐bodied herbivores, which, in turn, allowed an increase in phytoplanton biomass and a decrease in water transparency. Based on this observation, together with the phosphorus concentration and the low abundance of filamentous cyanobacteria compared with previous studies, we suggest that top‐down control has played a key role in increasing transparency in Lake Rodó. 5. A nutrient reduction programme, by the mechanical harvest of floating plants, and a removal of small omnivorous fishes and stocking strictly with piscivores, could be key factors in the achievement of a stable clear‐water phase. However, if blooms of Microcystis or other similar genera occur in summer, additional measures (e.g. reduction of the hydraulic residence time) will be needed to improve water transparency. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

流域总量控制下的农业非点源污染控制方案及其风险分析——以杭埠-丰乐河流域为例

以巢湖的最大入湖支流杭埠-丰乐河及其流域为研究区域,以国际较新流域管理模型WARMF（Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework）为研究工具,通过入河负荷、水质、水量的综合分析确定流域关键控制区,提出总量标准转换系数、结合功能区水质要求、计算河段的总量负荷标准。以分段计算总量标准取代总量分配,以负荷流失率和化肥流失率为基准进行非点源内部不同土地利用类型的削减分配,通过局部灵敏度分析和摩尔斯敏感判别因子筛选风险因子,尝试以个别关键区域的控制达到全流域的改善,并且以Jacknife模拟为风险分析方法对控制方案进行风险分析。     

非胶合条件下松木直角榫卯接合的抗拉力

通过拉伸试验研究了非胶合状态下,木材直角榫卯构件配合间隙、榫头长度和榫卯纹理方向等参数,对榫卯连接节点抗拉力的影响.结果表明:木材直角榫卯构件在拉伸过程中的抗拉力-行程曲线可分为2段,即快速线性上升和近似直线缓慢下降段;在一定范围内,构件抗拉力随着过盈配合公差的增加、榫头长度的延长而提高;同等条件下,榫卯纹理方向一致时的抗拉力要高于榫卯纹理方向直交时.     

对慢性心衰心阳虚证及其微观指标关系的思考

本文通过对慢性心力衰竭心阳虚证症候特点、病程变化机制、血流动力学、心功能分级、心脏负荷标志物、神经内分泌相关激素、炎症反应物等相关指标的关联整理,研究其诊断价值,为病证结合慢性心力衰竭心阳虚证提供辅助诊断依据,并对心衰心阳虚证微观辨证发展现状进行反思。     

曝气生物滤池系统处理含氨氮废水的试验研究

为了进一步研究曝气生物滤池工艺在污水处理中的应用,采用曝气生物滤池处理工艺,对氨氮质量浓度较高、其他污染物量较低的废水进行了工艺运行条件及处理特征的模拟试验,主要研究了气水比、水力负荷、氨氮负荷等因素对氨态氮等污染物处理效果的影响。结果表明,进水氨态氮质量浓度约为25 mg/L时,气水比为3∶1和4∶1时,曝气生物滤池系统出水氨态氮质量浓度均低于7 mg/L;系统出水COD平均质量浓度随气水比增大而升高;在气水比为2∶1,进水氨态氮质量浓度相近条件下,水力负荷调整为5 m~3/(m~2·h)时,系统出水氨态氮质量浓度低于12 mg/L,去除率达到54%。     

水泵泵盖断裂原因初探

介绍了佛山市供水泵站水泵泵盖突然断裂的经过。通过对泵盖材质化学成分的检验以及金相组织的检查，初步分析结果：泵盖断裂与材料的机械性能、材料疲劳程度、加工精度等有关。提出了瞬时过负荷可能是泵盖断裂的另一原因，但因证据不充分而无法判定。导致泵盖断裂的原因有待进一步研究。