Effects of forest structure and microhabitat on the distribution and flowering of a rare understory plant, Actaea elata

Knowing which environmental characteristics constrain forest understory species’ distribution and reproduction can inform conservation decisions about habitat management and locations for reintroduction efforts. Differential plant performance is common in varying environmental conditions, such as levels of canopy closure. Actaea elata (tall bugbane) is a rare, perennial, forest understory herb found from Oregon to British Columbia. Populations throughout this species’ range commonly occur in managed forests. We assessed the importance of environmental variation on the distribution and flowering of A. elata at both microhabitat and site-level scales. At four sites encompassing a variety of forest types, we measured several biotic and abiotic variables at vegetative and reproductive plants, as well as at random points. We measured these same variables at three sites where A. elata has been extirpated. Within occupied sites, reproductive plants were more likely to be located in canopy gaps than were vegetative plants. Both vegetative and reproductive plants were more likely to be found in areas of high herb cover compared to random points. These results indicate that gaps in the canopy may be critical for this species’ ability to reproduce, but survival may be possible in a broader range of forest understory conditions (similar to other co-occurring herb species). Random points at extirpated and occupied sites both tended to be located in areas of lower canopy openness and moisture availability than points in occupied sites where A. elata was present. Extirpated sites were either densely forested or clearcut, while occupied sites contained stands of intermediate density. Circaea alpina, Geranium robertianum, and Lactuca muralis were indicator species for A. elata and normally indicate moist soils, with Circaea alpina being a strong indicator of the presence of flowering A. elata. Taken together, our results suggest that maintenance of canopy gaps is important to promote flowering, and understory species that indicate moist sites, particularly Circaea alpina, can be used as aids to locate new populations of A. elata.     

机敏漏斗蛛生物学特性观察研究

机敏漏斗蛛（Aqelena difficilis）,在山东省日照市沿海地区1年发生1代,以不同的若蛛在林下杂草、枯枝落叶丛、石块下越冬。翌年4月上旬出蛰活动,若蛛经8龄,6月下旬发育至成蛛,7月上旬开始交配,8月上旬开始产卵,孵化若蛛,10月下旬开始越冬。卵期10.4天,成蛛期69天。雌雄比4：1,是多种害虫的重要天敌。该蛛发生与海拔、农药、天敌、风雨等外界因子关系密切。封山育林,严禁放牧、烧荒,禁用化学农药,是保护成若蛛、扩大繁殖的关键。     

日照地区湿地生物多样性及保护利用研究

主要介绍了日照市湿地资源概况,分析了湿地植物、动物资源等的生物多样性特征,探讨了湿地发展面临的问题,并提出了相应的保护对策,以期为日照湿地生物多样性的保护和可持续利用提供基础参考。     

云南含笑开花生物学特性的初步研究

依据云南含笑产区和引种区调查观测材料,分析研究了云南含笑开花的生物学特性。结果表明,云南含笑是木兰科植物系统发育上一个很自然而又比较进化的种,分布于云南中部以及西北部的是比较原始的种群,分布于贵州的云南含笑是比较进化而年轻的种群。云南含笑观赏价值和经济价值高,可作为园林树种及香料树种加以推广应用。本文为今后的推广应用提供了相关参考分析依据。     

贵州苏铁研究进展

本文对贵州苏铁研究在形态特征、生物地理学、生殖生物学特性、细胞学和分子生物学等几个方面开展的科研工作进行综述。     

松阿扁叶蜂生物学特性及防治技术研究

松阿扁叶蜂是目前商洛市油松林重要食叶害虫,严重威胁油松林的生长发育。定点研究了其生物学特性、发生危害规律,开展了防治试验。松阿扁叶蜂在商洛林区1年发生1代,由幼虫越冬。其危害油松纯林重于混交林;立地条件较好的油松林分重于立地条件差的林分。喷施森得保粉剂（2.25 kg/hm2）、1.2%苦.烟乳油1 000~1 200倍液、3%高渗苯氧威乳油3 500~4 500倍液均可取得良好防效。     

松黄叶蜂寄生性和捕食性天敌研究

发现了松黄叶蜂的５种寄生性天敌,即松黄叶蜂尖胸青峰、松黄叶蜂翠金小蜂和邻凹姬蜂、田猎姬、恩姬峰。其中幼虫－蛹寄生４种;蛹寄生蜂１种,并研究了主要种生物学特性探索了捕食性、寄生性天敌及致病微生物对松黄叶蜂蛹发育的影响。     

柏肤小蠹的生活史及防治

介绍了柏肤小蠹的生物学和生态学特性 ,并针对其发生为害特点 ,提出了监测预报方法和综合治理措施     

巴黎翠凤蝶、红基美凤蝶生物学特性初步观察

巴黎翠凤蝶在甘肃白水江自然保护区1年2代，以蛹越冬，翌年3月下旬越冬蛹开始羽化，4月下旬至5月初为第1代成虫羽化高峰期，第2代成虫羽化高峰期在6月底7月初；寄主为芸香科的飞龙掌血、柑橘类等植物；成虫喜访白色系的花，也好在臭水沟处群聚嬉戏，一般在常绿林带的高处活动，飞行迅速，警觉性高而且很少停息，难以捕捉。红基美凤蝶在白水江自然保护区1年2代，以蛹越冬，翌年4月初越冬蛹开始羽化，4月下旬为第1代成虫羽化高峰期，6月底7月上旬为第2代成虫羽化高峰期；7月下旬成虫数量减少，但直至9月仍可见到成虫；7月上旬产卵高峰期，9月初为化蛹高峰期；直到10月上中旬还可见幼虫；幼虫5龄，历期25～35d；寄主为柑桔等芸香科植物。     

松材线虫病研究进展

概述了松材线虫的生物学特性、行为学、致病机理等方面的研究动态，并介绍了松材线虫病环境影响评价的研究进展，提出了目前对松材线虫病的环境影响经济评价尚属空白，在松材线虫病对环境影响方面缺乏深入的研究。对其致病主要机理仍不清楚，需进一步进行研究。