亚洲百合与东方百合远缘杂交亲和性

为得到花色丰富、带有芳香气味、抗性强的OA或AO(O为东方百合杂种系,A为亚洲百合杂种系)型优势杂种,采用常规杂交和切割柱头的方法进行杂交,结果 AO型的22个组合,仅有亚洲百合‘Pollyanna’×东方百合‘Sambuca’这一组合得到了4个膨大的蒴果和40粒有胚种子,结实率为0.27%;85个LA(LA为Longiflorum hybrids×Asiatic hybrids的杂交后代)×O型组合均未得到完全膨大的果实和有胚种子;而21个OA型组合,有7个组合得到了膨大的蒴果及有胚种子。采用切割柱头的方法也未提高结实率,说明其没能有效克服其远缘杂交的障碍。通过花粉管荧光显微观察发现,亚洲百合和东方百合花粉几乎均能在母本的柱头上萌发,并沿着花柱道伸长生长,最终达到子房进入胚珠,说明AO型或OA型远缘杂交的受精障碍主要为受精后障碍。     

魁金杏自花结实率低的初步探讨

花粉活力测定采用固体培养基法,通过不同培养基组分对魁金花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响进行了比较研究,最适花粉离体萌发和花粉管生长培养基组合分别为10％蔗糖+0.1％硼酸和5％蔗糖+0.01％硼酸;根据自花结实率4.70％证明魁金杏为自交不亲和类型,结合花粉重量和花粉量测定,初步探讨魁金杏自花结实率低的原因.结果表明:魁金杏自花结实率与花粉管长度关系最为密切,与花粉量没有直接的相关性.     

部分桑树品种花粉亚显微形态观察及比较

[目的]了解桑树花粉的亚显微结构及形态学特征。[方法]对7个桑树品种的花粉通过戊二醛固定制样处理,酒精梯度脱水、冷冻干燥和金属喷镀制备后利用扫描电子显微镜进行形态大小及表面纹饰观察。[结果]花粉表面特征及纹饰均清晰可见,表明该试验方法适合桑树花粉的扫描电镜观察;供试桑树花粉为近球形,具2个萌发孔,孔膜具刺突;极轴大小15.99～22.63μm,赤道轴大小14.98～20.78μm,‘育2号’花粉体积最大,而‘晋选7号’花粉最小;花粉外壁均分布有不同密度的点状颗粒,花粉表面呈现平滑和瘤状突起2种纹饰类型。[结论]戊二醛固定液–酒精梯度脱水法是进行桑树花粉形态观察的一种较理想的研究方法;该研究结果或可为桑属植物的孢粉学鉴定及种甚至种下等级的系统分类研究提供有益资料。     

Short Root Densities and Surface Phosphatase Activities of Ectomycorrhizal Morphotypes in a Slash Pine Plantation

Abstract

Mineralization is the dominant process controlling soil-solution P in the Spodosols of the southeastern United States. Pine trees growing in these soils are typically colonized by ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi that are known to produce phosphatases. Little, however, is known of the dynamics of EM short roots or phosphatase activity in tree plantations. To address this question, short root densities, EM morphotypes, and associated surface acid phosphomonoesterase in a 12-year-old Pinus elliottii plantation in northern Florida were evaluated. The density of total (living and dead) short roots changed little from February through June, with a mean of 7.6 cm³ soil. The majority of the short roots, however, were inactive or dead with only 14 to 38% appearing viable upon visual inspection. The majority of the viable short roots were mycorrhizal. The most abundant morphotypes were formed by Cenococcum and Thelephora but these had low phosphatase activity. In contrast, less frequently observed morphotypes had substantially higher rates of enzyme production and these may play an important role in sustainable P nutrition of plantation trees.     

塔里本盆地北部全新世地层中的孢粉组合与古环境

通过对塔里木盆地北部全新世地层中２７块样品的孢粉分析，根据其组合特征并结合表土花粉分析，本区全新世以来除了塔里木河中游隐域性植被成分随着河流改道变化频繁外，两侧显域性的早生、超旱生荒漠植被成分无明显变化，它们的生境反映了气候环境总的形势是持续干旱的。但全新世地层中孢粉种属和丰度的变化，蒿属、藜科和麻黄花粉相对数量的增减也说明了在干旱背景中本区气候有微弱的干湿波动，表现为全新世早期和晚期气候偏凉湿，中期气候干暖，但干暖期鼎盛阶段略湿。     

Morphology of Day-7 Bovine Demi-Embryos and their Post-transfer Viability*

Day 7 bovine embryos were microsurgically bisected and replaced into surrogate zonae pellucidae. They were fixed immediately after bisection and at various intervals of in vitro incubation at 35 °C in modified Dulbecco's medium. At the light microscopical level, the bisected embryos restored the prebisection morphology within 30 min. after splitting. The electron microscopy confirmed these findings, suggesting that day 7 bovine demi-embryos for transfer purposes, should be cultured for 30 min before morphologically evaluated. Eleven pairs of bisected day 7 bovine embryos were transferred to 11 synchronized heifers. The recipient heifers were slaughtered at day 15, and the recovered embryos evaluated. Nine of the demi-embryos developed to morphologically, normal spherical to elongated, embryos.     

In vitro and in vivo efficacy of lasalocid for treatment of experimental cryptosporidiosis

In vitro viability of purified Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, exposed for 30, 60, 90 and 120 min to 0.27 mg/ml lasalocid suspension was evaluated by inclusion or exclusion of two fluorogenic vital dyes and an excystation technique. Continuously, preventive and curative efficacies at different doses (9, 6.75, 5.625 and 4.5 mg/kg body weight) and regimens of lasalocid against cryptosporidial infection were evaluated on an experimental neonatal mice model. In vitro assays demonstrated a decrease in the oocyst viability related to an increase in exposure time for exposure to the lasalocid suspension. The infection was eradicated when the suspension was administered with a dose of ≥6.75 mg/kg body weight. No apparent toxic effects were observed.     

Low temperature storage and in vitro germination of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) pollen

Due to the protogynous dichogamy of cherimoya and to the absence of proper pollinating vectors, hand-pollination with fresh pollen is a common practice for cherimoya commercial production. In order to optimize the process of hand-pollination, in this work we have studied the conservation of cherimoya pollen at −20, −80 and −196 °C for up to 3 months. In vitro pollen germination of fresh pollen was 57.1% and it was progressively reduced with conservation time at the three temperatures studied reaching a minimum after 3 months of storage of 10.4%, 14.2% and 13.6% at −20, −80 and −196 °C, respectively. Differences in germination among temperatures were only significant during the first 2 weeks of storage. Field pollinations with pollen stored for up to 3 months at the three temperatures show no yield differences compared to pollinations performed with fresh pollen. The results indicate that pollen collected and stored at sub-zero temperatures at the beginning of the cherimoya blooming season can be used along the whole blooming season avoiding the need of collecting fresh pollen daily.     

Pollen grains of heat tolerant tomato cultivars retain higher carbohydrate concentration under heat stress conditions

Exposure to high temperatures (heat stress) causes reduced yield in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), mainly by affecting male gametophyte development. Two experiments were conducted where several tomato cultivars were grown under heat stress, in growth chambers (day/night temperatures of 31/25 °C) or in greenhouses (day/night temperatures of 32/26 °C), or under control (day/night temperatures of 28/22 °C) conditions. In heat-sensitive cultivars, heat stress caused a reduction in the number of pollen grains, impaired their viability and germinability, caused reduced fruit set and markedly reduced the numbers of seeds per fruit. In the heat-tolerant cultivars, however, the number and quality of pollen grains, the number of fruits and the number of seeds per fruit were less affected by high temperatures. In all the heat-sensitive cultivars, the heat-stress conditions caused a marked reduction in starch concentration in the developing pollen grains at 3 days before anthesis, and a parallel decrease in the total soluble sugar concentration in the mature pollen, whereas in the four heat-tolerant cultivars tested, starch accumulation at 3 days before anthesis and soluble sugar concentration at anthesis were not affected by heat stress. These results indicate that the carbohydrate content of developing and mature tomato pollen grains may be an important factor in determining pollen quality, and suggest that heat-tolerant cultivars have a mechanism for maintaining the appropriate carbohydrate content under heat stress.     

杏(Prunus armeniaca)自交不亲和强度及其授粉受精相关特性

为了解杏自交不亲和性强度与授粉受精相关特性的关系,以自交亲和(Self-compatibility:SC)品种凯特(Prunus armeniaca L．cv．Katy)和自交不亲和(Self-incompatibility:SI)品种新世纪(P.armeniaca L.cv．Xinshiji)及凯特×新世纪杂种群体为试材,荧光显微镜观察自交亲和与自交不亲和杏花粉管生长动态。结果表明,授粉后初期,自交亲和性与自交不亲和性的杏花粉都能正常萌发、生长,但是在花粉管生长延伸到花柱1／2以后,自交亲和性的花粉管能顺利进入子房,而自交不亲和性的花粉管多数顶端膨大呈球形,停止向下生长,只有极个别能正常生长到达子房;杂种后代的可溶性蛋白含量和RNA酶比活力,与亲本相比无明显的趋中变异表现,而且在自交亲和与自交不亲和杏之间无显著性差异。