浑水膜孔灌多向交汇入渗及减渗特性

浑水灌溉是我国黄河流域引黄灌区灌溉的主要特点,其中浑水中的泥沙含量对土壤入渗特性有较大的影响,为揭示浑水膜孔灌交汇入渗的减渗特性,通过开展浑水及清水膜孔灌入渗试验,建立了浑水膜孔灌自由入渗相对于清水的减渗率及浑水膜孔灌多向交汇入渗相对于自由入渗的减渗率与入渗时间之间的量化关系,提出了由清水膜孔灌自由入渗量推求浑水膜孔灌多向交汇入渗量的模型。结果表明:浑水膜孔灌自由入渗较清水的减渗量随入渗时间的延长而增大,但增大幅度慢慢变小,入渗后期其减渗量基本呈线性增加,其减渗率随时间的增大先快速增大后缓慢减小,入渗后期减渗率基本稳定;当入渗产生交汇后,入渗能力明显减小,多向交汇入渗和单向交汇入渗相对自由入渗的减渗率均随入渗时间的增长而增大,多向交汇入渗相对单向交汇入渗也存在减渗作用,3条减渗率曲线的变化率随着时间的增长而逐渐减小。     

4CML-1000型链耙式地膜回收机设计与试验优化

为了解决传统搂耙式地膜回收机卸膜和装箱困难、作业连续性差等问题,设计了一种链耙式地膜回收机,可以连续实现搂膜集膜、输膜抖土、卸膜过程。该回收机主要由机架、起膜铲、链耙、集膜箱等部件组成。为了使地膜回收机的性能达到最佳,首先在土槽实验室内对回收机的结构参数和工作参数分别进行了单因素试验和响应曲面优化试验,通过土槽试验得到地膜回收率、脱膜率、夹带土壤质量3个指标的二次回归方程、响应优化曲面及最佳参数组合。最佳参数组合为:耙齿总成间距300 mm,单排耙齿数5个,耙齿入土深度84.41 mm,回收机前进速度2.542 km/h,链耙线速度0.417 m/s。通过大田验证试验,得到优化后的地膜回收机性能指标为:地膜回收率90.2%,脱膜率88.1%,夹带土壤质量0.41 kg/m。大田试验表明,链耙式地膜回收机满足生产要求。     

Effects of Clear Polymer Film on Emergence and Survival of Direct Sown Native Vegetation

Clear, degradable polymer films are used with agricultural crops to alter the germination and growing environment and extend the length of the growing season. The film acts like a greenhouse, elevating temperatures and improving soil water. We examined the potential of polymer film to improve emergence and persistence of direct‐seeded native vegetation. A seed mix comprising three tree species and two shrubs was sown in early August 2015, with and without polymer film. The effect of duration of polymer film (from 0–10 weeks) on emergence and persistence was tested, and the effects of polymer film on temperature and soil moisture were monitored. Our hypothesis that polymer film would improve emergence was partially supported, with between 6 and 10 weeks of polymer film coverage increasing emergence of small‐seeded species above the level of the Control. The polymer film increased temperatures by an average of 5 °C and volumetric water content by up to 10%, compared with ambient conditions, and reduced fluctuations in soil moisture, which may have contributed to the increased emergence observed. Emergence was low across all treatments (range 0·2–47%). Our hypothesis that polymer film would improve persistence was not supported, with seedling numbers declining rapidly following removal of the polymer film and no differences between treatments in percentage persistence by the end of the experiment. We concluded that polymer film is a potentially useful tool for improving emergence of smaller‐seeded species in direct seeding for land restoration, although provided no benefit for emergence of the larger‐seeded species. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东北雨养区覆膜和种植密度对玉米田间土壤水分和根系生长的影响

为探讨东北雨养区玉米生长状况和田间水分对种植密度和地膜覆盖的响应,2015年在沈阳农业大学水利学院试验场设置了低(67 500株/hm~2)、中(82 500株/hm~2)、高(97 500株/hm~2)3个种植密度水平和覆膜、裸地2种方式的玉米田间试验,根据试验结果分析了土壤水分、玉米根系及其产量变化。结果表明:(1)在0—20cm土层中,整个生育期内,覆膜对于低密度处理的土壤田间含水率影响显著(p0.05),生育前期、中期和末期覆膜比裸地田间含水率分别提高了9.80%,15.93%,12.77%;在20—40cm土层中,生育前期,中密度覆膜种植的玉米田间含水率比裸地高13.83%(p0.05);在40—60cm土层中,覆膜对中密度玉米土壤含水率影响显著(p0.05),生育前期、中期、后期覆膜比裸地处理的土壤含水率分别提高了15.47%,4.11%,8.96%。(2)种植密度对玉米根系的根长、总投影面积、总根体积和根系表面积均有显著影响,随着种植密度的增加,四者均呈减小趋势;在种植密度相同时,覆膜相比裸地提高了玉米根系的根长、总投影面积、根系总体积和根系表面积;中密度时,覆膜对玉米根系的4项指标提高最为显著(p0.05),分别比裸地提高了44%,38%,38%,33%。(3)玉米产量随着种植密度的增加而减小,当密度为67 500株/hm~2时,玉米产量和百粒重均最大,百粒重为36.83g,产量为12 573.69kg/hm~2。结果说明:在水肥条件相同情况下,玉米种植存在一个最优密度,在最优密度内,玉米产量随着密度的增加而增加,超过了最优密度产量呈现减少趋势。研究结果对东北雨养区种植密度和覆盖方式的优化组合提供了理论依据,对提高雨水利用效率和玉米产量也具有参考意义。     

冀西北坝上地区萝卜地膜覆盖节水栽培技术研究

采用小区试验的方法研究地膜覆盖平作和高畦作方式下萝卜产量、水分利用效率、干物质、可溶性糖和蛋白质积累。结果表明,无论平作还是高畦作,地膜覆盖不浇水处理在各个指标方面都高于各自对照;同时,高畦作地膜覆盖不浇水处理达到了节水、高产且萝卜肉质根品质不下降的目的。     

耕作方式对豫西旱地麦-豆轮作田土壤理化特性和酶活性的影响

为探明耕作方式对豫西旱地麦-豆轮作田不同土层土壤理化特性和土壤酶活性的影响,设置免耕(NT)、旋耕(RT)和翻耕(PT)3种耕作方式,分析了定位试验9 a(2009—2019年)后小麦收获期的土壤容重、孔隙度和有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,并运用相关分析和通径分析研究了土壤理化性质与土壤酶活性的关系。结果表明：不同耕作方式对土壤理化特性和酶活性具有显著的调控作用,其调控效应与其作业深度相关。RT较PT有利于降低0～15 cm土层但增加15～35 cm土层容重,NT较RT和PT显著降低了0～5、15～35、35～60 cm土层的土壤容重,土壤孔隙度变化规律与容重相反。各处理间土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷含量以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性在0～5 cm土层和15～35 cm土层规律一致,0～5 cm土层均以NT最优,分别较最低值处理(PT)显著提高16.7%、53.2%、15.9%、23.6%、18.0%、34.7%和29.0%;15～35 cm土层均以PT最优,分别较最低值处理(NT)显著提高18.3%、23.4%、53.4%、...     

平作区棉秆粉碎与残膜回收联合作业机设计与试验

针对新疆平作区残膜回收作业过程中秸秆粉碎合格率低、残膜回收率低的问题,设计了一种秸秆粉碎与残膜回收联合作业机。对甩刀秸秆粉碎过程进行受力分析,确定了刀轴最佳转速为2 000 r·min-1。对起膜铲起膜机理和残膜捡拾过程进行分析,确定了导曲面参数方程和残膜捡拾装置主要工作参数。以机具作业速度v、起膜铲入土倾角α和残膜输送链转速n为影响因素,以秸秆粉碎合格率Y1和残膜回收率Y2为评价指标进行田间试验。结果表明:当起膜铲入土角为30°,机具前进速度为5.5 km·h-1,残膜输送链转速为120 r·min-1时,秸秆粉碎合格率为91.5%,残膜回收率为85.7%,整机运行状态良好,满足秸秆粉碎还田与残膜回收的技术要求。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

基于VB的旱作作物种植结构决策支持系统开发

以Jensen水分生产函数为基础,运用多目标规划的方法,建立了旱作条件下小麦、玉米、大豆、马铃薯、高粱等作物种植结构优化系统,并编制了可视化应用程序。输入多年降雨资料、日照时数、每日最高最低温度、每日风速等基本气象资料以及相关的土壤、作物参数,就可优化出研究地区主要作物种植比例和结构,操作简单,具有实用性。以山西晋中地区为例进行应用,系统根据多年的降雨资料预测出不同水文年型下每种作物的单产,在此基础上对种植结构进行了优化,并与实际结果比较证明其可靠性,从而对作物种植结构进行优化和指导,使粮食产量、经济效益、水分利用达到协调统一。     

膜下滴灌布置方式对土壤水盐运移和产量的影响

以棉花主要根系层各生育期保持适宜土壤含水率为灌水目标,设置一膜单管四行和一膜双管四行两种毛管布置方式,以TRIME-T3管式TDR测定土壤含水率指示灌水,开展膜下滴灌大田试验,研究了干旱区膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐运移规律及分布特征,并对不同滴灌模式下的棉花产量和灌溉水生产效率进行评价。结果表明:膜下滴灌单、双管布置棉花生育期内灌溉定额分别为390、550 mm;双管布置在10~40 cm棉花主要根系层形成适宜作物生长的淡化脱盐区,生育期内棉花主要根系层土壤含水率处于适宜的范围,灌水均匀度高,控盐效果好,棉花生长不受水盐胁迫;单管布置盐分随水分运移至湿润锋边缘至外行,棉花主要根系层有积盐的趋势,加上滴头流量大,不利于淡化脱盐区的形成。膜下滴灌毛管布置方式决定土壤水盐分布特征,进而影响植株对水分和养分的吸收,单、双管布置棉花产量分别为5 355、6 075 kg·hm~(-2),灌溉水生产效率分别为1.38、1.11 kg·m~(-3),单管布置灌溉水生产效率较高。