Campylobacter spp. prevalence and fluoroquinolone resistance in chicken layer farms

Chicken is a major source of human campylobacteriosis. Chicken meat originates not only from broilers but also from spent layers; however, few reports have documented the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in layers in Japan. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. in 47 layer farms in Japan. Fecal samples were collected from the youngest and oldest flocks on the farm, and Campylobacter spp. was isolated from 46/47 (97.9%) farms. Among the C. jejuni isolates, the resistance rates to ampicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin were 29.6%, 22.2%, and 19.8%, respectively. The ciprofloxacin resistance rate (7.3%) in C. jejuni isolated from old flocks was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that in young flocks (32.5%).     

转Bt基因棉种植前后3个棉铃虫种群对4种杀虫剂的抗性变化

分别于1990年、1992年、2001年和2005年从山东泰安、山东夏津和湖北天门采集3个棉铃虫H elicoverpa arm igera种群,采用点滴法测定了4种杀虫剂对其的毒力,以监测各种群的抗药性变化趋势。结果表明:19901992年3个种群棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯的抗性增长迅速(13.256.1倍);19922001年抗性增长速度有所减缓(3.111.0倍);20012005年抗性水平降低。3个种群棉铃虫对灭多威和辛硫磷的抗性变化趋势与氰戊菊酯的基本相似,但抗性水平较低;对硫丹则均一直处于敏感水平。引起抗药性变化的原因主要与各类药剂的使用频率和转B t基因抗虫棉的大面积推广有关。     

病原菌诱导后黄瓜叶片中脂氧合酶活性与茉莉酸积累的关系

通过酶活性测定和高效液相色谱分析,研究经病原菌诱导后黄瓜叶片中脂氧合酶(LOX)活性与茉莉酸(JA)积累量的关系。结果表明,黄瓜经褐斑菌诱导后,叶片中茉莉酸(JA)大量积累,同时脂氧合酶(LOX)活性上升,接种叶片的上位叶中LOX活性和JA含量于诱导接种褐斑菌12h后开始升高,并于诱导接种24h后达到峰值,接种叶片的下位叶中LOX活性和JA含量在诱导接种12h后变化不大,但在24h后显著升高,并于48h达到峰值,此后逐渐平稳下降。相关分析表明,LOX与JA呈显著正相关,相关系数r为0.92。同时通过喷施脂氧合酶抑制剂(NDGA)和添加茉莉酸的试验证实LOX是JA合成的关键酶。     

Effects of mutations in Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits on sensitivity to insecticides targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Several strains of Drosophila melanogaster possess mutant alleles in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits, Dα1 and Dβ2 that confer resistance to neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid and nitenpyram, and Dα6, that confers resistance to spinosyns. These mutant strains were bioassayed with a selected set of nAChR active insecticides including neonicotinoids, spinosad, and sulfoxaflor, a new sulfoximine insecticide. All of the neonicotinoids examined, except dinotefuran showed reduced insecticidal efficacy on larvae of the Dα1 mutant, suggesting that this subunit may be important in the action of these insecticides. All of the neonicotinoids, including dinotefuran, showed reduced insecticidal efficacy on larvae possessing the Dβ2 mutation. A similar pattern of broad neonicotinoid resistance to that of Dβ2 alone was also observed for larvae with both the mutations (Dα1 + Dβ2). The Dβ2 mutation exhibited a lower level of cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor (<3-fold) than to any of the neonicotinoids (>13-fold). In contrast, there was no cross-resistance for any of the neonicotinoids or sulfoxaflor in adult flies with the Dα6 mutation, which confers high levels of resistance to spinosad. Thus in the D. melanogaster strains studied, target site resistance observed for the neonicotinoids and the spinosyns does not translate directly to resistance towards sulfoxaflor.     

Problems of implementing compulsory integrated pest management

Compulsory integrated pest management poses a number of challenges and issues for debate. Some of are discussed with reference to European Union requirements set out in Annex III of Directive 128/2009. Requirements on the use of plant protection products bring with them problems with dose reduction in the light of a resistance prevention strategy, the lack of threshold levels, the necessity of chemical treatments and the limited availability of effective products of biological origin. Use of preventive measures of pest control faces barriers related to profitability and a lack of knowledge on the part of farmers. Challenges to control the system, as well as the fact that some legally enforced rules are not suitable for all crops, seem also to be an issue. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

1993年全国小麦秆锈菌种群动态分析

１９９３年我国小麦秆锈病发生较轻，从８个省１８个区县中的４７个品种上采集到的９５个标样中分离到菌株３３６个，鉴定出２１Ｃ３ＣＫＲ、２１Ｃ３ＣＫＨ、２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ、２１Ｃ３ＣＴＨ、２１Ｃ３ＣＦＲ、２１Ｃ３ＣＦＨ、３４Ｃ１ＭＫＲ、３４Ｃ１ＭＫＨ和３４Ｃ２ＭＫＲ等９个致病类型；２１Ｃ３ＣＫＲ的出现频率为６５．２％，居于首位，２１Ｃ３ＣＤＨ为１４．５％，２１Ｃ３ＣＴＲ为１０．７％，２１Ｃ３ＣＦＲ为４．２％     

浙江不同稻区耳叶水苋对苄嘧磺隆的抗性比较

采用琼脂法测定了长江三角洲地区宁绍平原和杭嘉湖平原5个稻区(宁波、绍兴、杭州、嘉兴和湖州)稻田耳叶水苋Ammannia arenaria不同生物型对苄嘧磺隆的抗性水平。结果表明,所采集的88种耳叶水苋生物型中,有96.6%已对苄嘧磺隆产生了抗性,其中,低抗(3RI≤10)、中抗(10RI≤50)和高抗(RI>50)的生物型分别占总数的22.7%、53.4%和20.5%。宁波NB0143-01和绍兴SX077生物型对苄嘧磺隆的RI值分别高达124.4和120.4。5个稻区中,绍兴地区耳叶水苋的抗性水平最高,平均RI值为53.1;宁波次之,平均RI值为35.1;湖州、杭州和嘉兴地区的抗性水平相对较低,平均RI值分别为24.1、19.9和18.7。表明稻田耳叶水苋对苄嘧磺隆的抗性程度较高,且在宁绍平原和杭嘉湖平原稻区已普遍出现抗性。其中在宁绍平原苄嘧磺隆对耳叶水苋的选择压较大,长期连续用药可能是该地区抗性水平高于其他区域的重要原因。这是有关耳叶水苋对苄嘧磺隆抗性种群分布的首次报道。     

Penetration, Development and Emigration of Juveniles of the Nematode Meloidogyne arenaria in Myrobalan Plum (Prunus cerasifera) Clones Bearing the Ma Resistance Genes

Penetration, development and emigration of M. arenaria in the roots of three Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera) clones genetically characterized for their resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKN) were studied during the 10 (penetration) and 15 (emigration) days following the date of inoculation (D) of 2500 juveniles (J2s) per plant into the soil. Miniaturized tests were conducted on the two resistant clones P.2175 (Ma1 gene) and P.1079 (Ma2 gene) and the susceptible clone P.2032 (recessive for both genes), obtained from micropropagated plantlets and grown in mini-containers under controlled conditions at 25°C in a growth chamber. For penetration and development studies, nematodes in the roots were recovered by the acid fuchsin-lactophenol staining technique. Equivalent numbers of J2s were recovered in all the clones at D+1 and D+2. Subsequently, the numbers increased rapidly in P.2032 and were significantly different from those in P.1079 and P.2175 that remained at a low level. No swollen larvae were observed in the resistant clones. In P.2032, the first swollen larvae were observed at D+4, the first females were observed at D+12, whereas the first females with attached egg sacs and the first new-generation J2s were obtained between D+21 and D+28. Our data suggest that the resistance phenomenon does not act on the very early nematode penetration but acts later by preventing feeding-site induction and development into the third-stage. For emigration studies, plants in which J2s had been allowed to penetrate for two days (from D to D+2) were washed free of soil, repotted and then, after various periods of growth, soil-free roots were placed under a mistifier to evaluate the numbers of emigrating individuals. Emigration of J2s from the roots occured mainly from D+2 to D+4 in all the genotypes and was very limited from D+4 to D+10. There was no significant differences in the number of emigrated juveniles between the resistant and susceptible clones, indicating that emigration cannot explain the difference in the numbers of nematodes recovered in the roots.     

2008-2009年度河北、河南、四川和江苏四省冬小麦区试品系的遗传多样性和抗条锈性分析

探讨2008-2009年度河北、河南、四川、江苏四省参加区试的70个小麦品系的遗传多样性和抗条锈性,以期了解小麦种质资源间的遗传差异,并为小麦品种抗条锈病基因的合理布局提供科学依据。采用亲缘系数（coefficient of parentage, COP）分析2008-2009年度四省的70个供试小麦品系的2 415对组合并进行聚类分析,同时,对这70个品系接种条锈菌混合菌系CYR32、CYR31、CYR33、CYR30和CYR29,进行抗条锈性鉴定。供试的所有品系的COP值的变化范围在0.000 0～0.750 0之间,COP值的总和为24.607 5,其平均值为0.010 2。聚类分析分为6大类,聚为一类的多为同一个骨干亲本培育的品系且它们的抗性相似,说明使用同一骨干亲本抗病性得到了较好的遗传,但使用同一亲本降低了小麦品种间的遗传多样性。增大对亲缘关系较远的品种的应用,有利于增加小麦品种间的遗传多样性,创造出更多的优异种质。小麦条锈病抗性鉴定结果表明,四省的小麦区试品系对条锈病感病和抗病分别占总参试品系的57.14%和40%,其中,四川抗病品系占参试品系的61.55%,总体上看抗条锈性相对较好,其他三省抗条锈性相对较差,抗病品种选育工作亟待加强。