日粮蛋白质水平对育雏期绿头野鸭生长性能的影响

本研究选用刚出壳的绿头野鸭90只,随机分成3组,每组30只,分别饲喂能量相同,蛋白质水平分别为17.00%、19.00%、21.00%的饲粮,通过饲养和代谢试验研究不同蛋白质水平日粮对育雏期(0～4周龄)绿头野鸭生长性能的影响。结果表明,随着饲粮蛋白质水平的提高,蛋白质的代谢率逐渐下降,各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。从饲料报酬的角度看,19.00%的蛋白质水平完全可以满足绿头野鸭育雏期(0～4周龄)的生长需要。     

Optimal dietary taurine level for growth of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

The requirement for taurine in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was determined by feeding diets containing various levels of taurine and cystine. Test diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of taurine or with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of L -cystine were prepared. The basal diet contained 55% protein from white fish meal. These diets were fed to juvenile Japanese flounder with an initial mean bodyweight of 0.9 g (total length (TL) 48 mm) for 5 weeks. Approximately 1.4% taurine content in the diet was required for optimum growth of juvenile flounder. A positive linear relationship was noted between the content of taurine accumulated in the muscle, liver and brain and the level of taurine in the diet. However, there was no increased taurine content in tissues of fish fed the cystine-supplemented diet. In contrast, the fish fed control and cystine-supplemented diets showed higher contents of cystathionine in the tissues. The concentration of cystathionine in tissues rapidly decreased with an increase of taurine in the diet. It was also observed that for each of the dietary groups, a trace amount of taurine was excreted. These results suggest that the taurine content in the diet affects the sulfur amino acid metabolism of juvenile Japanese flounder, and indicate that juvenile flounder are unable to biosynthesize taurine from cystine.     

饲料脂肪水平对锦鲤幼鱼生长和血液生化指标的影响

本实验以初始体重为(5.85±0.19)g红白锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio L)幼鱼为实验对象,研究在螺旋藻添加量为12%时,饲料脂肪水平对锦鲤生长、饲料表观消化率、肠道消化酶和血液生化指标的影响。实验设5.36%、7.74%、10.52%、12.85%、15.45%5个脂肪梯度,每组设3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼,表观饱食投喂60 d。结果显示:脂肪水平为5.36%～10.52%,锦鲤增重率(BWG)、特定生长率(SGR)随脂肪水平的升高而升高,均在脂肪水平为10.52%时,达到最大值。实验鱼血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)随脂肪添加比例呈现先下降再升高的趋势,脂肪水平为12.85%后,血清ALT显著升高(P<0.05),脂肪水平为15.45%时,血清GLU浓度显著升高(P<0.05),而甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(CHOL)随脂肪水平的升高各实验组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,螺旋藻添加量一定时,锦鲤适宜脂肪添加水平为10.52%。     

稳定性肥料在中国不同区域的施用效果及施用量

  【目的】  对单个区域或者单种作物开展的抑制剂或者稳定性肥料效果研究受土壤类型和气候区域限制,无法为稳定性肥料在不同地理区域的生产和施用提供科学的数据支持。为此,我们在全国范围进行了稳定性肥料施用效果试验,为稳定性肥料的科学施用提供依据。  【方法】  稳定性肥料产业技术战略联盟于2009—2018年在全国7大地理区域进行了大田试验,比较了等养分条件下,施用稳定性肥料和常规施肥的增产效果,统计分析了2014—2018年的研究结果。  【结果】  在华南、西南、华中、华东、华北、西北、东北地区,等常规施肥养分稳定性肥料 (SF) 相对常规施肥 (CK) 的作物平均增产率分别为5.00%、13.40%、6.96%、8.68%、16.30%、8.72%和5.80%,氮肥农学利用率 (NAE) 增幅分别为36.11%、29.84%、27.25%、51.02%、54.73%和21.00% (无华北NAE数据);80%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料 (80%SF) 处理相比CK的增产率分别为1.62%、10.38%、1.78%、6.34%、8.35%、1.44%和0.09%,NAE增幅分别为78.24%、81.41%、49.22%、20.10%、38.96%和62.10%;80%SF处理相对SF处理的作物产量平均减少3.92%、1.22%、1.25%、3.49%、0.07%、1.08%和0.05%,NAE增幅分别为30.95%、40.11%、17.27%、–20.48%、–10.19%和33.97%,与SF处理的作物产量相比,减施20%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料在各个区域均带来小幅减产,80%SF处理相对SF处理的减产幅度在华中、华北、西北和东北地区差异显著 (P < 0.05),在华南、西南和华东地区差异不显著,80%SF处理相对SF处理的NAE差异多不显著;从全国范围来看,等常规施肥养分稳定性肥料处理平均能提高作物产量8.54%和提高NAE 21.77%,80%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料处理能使产量和NAE分别提高3.13%和26.39%。主成分分析结果发现,稳定性肥料增产率主要受到两种有效公因子的影响,即养分因子和pH因子;稳定性肥料增产率与土壤养分主要呈负相关关系,土壤养分越低,稳定性肥料的增产效果越强,稳定性肥料在贫瘠土壤上产生的经济效益越大 (西北极端干旱地区土壤除外);稳定性肥料增产率与土壤pH呈正相关关系,土壤pH越高,稳定性肥料肥效和增产效果越强。  【结论】  施用稳定性肥料在全国主要种植区域均取得了明显的增产节肥效应,完全可以替代常规施肥模式。综合对比等常规施肥养分稳定性肥料施肥模式和80%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料施肥模式对增产和提高NAE的效果,华东、华中、华北、西北、东北以等常规施肥养分施用稳定性肥料的效果较好,华南、西南稳定性肥料的施用量则以80%的常规施肥养分量为宜。影响稳定性肥料肥效和增产效果最重要的土壤因素是土壤养分,其次是土壤pH。     

水稻物质生产特性及其与产量的关系研究

以汕优63、Ⅱ优162、Ⅱ优419、K18A/149和65002为材料,在云南省涛源乡、宾川县和杭州市富阳县进行试验,分析了水稻高产的物质生长特性,并比较了不同环境下物质生长特性的差异及原因。结果表明:云南涛源和宾川产量分别比杭州高80%和66%,导致云南产量较高的主要原因是生物产量较高。生物产量差异主要在幼穗分化以后,尤其是灌浆结实期。在云南生态条件下,中后期能容纳较高的叶面积系数(LAI),群体生长速率(CGR)较高,使花后物质生产量大,且花后物质运转量也较高。     

Evaluation of bone toxicity in various bones of aged rats

The aim of the present study was to provide a method for evaluating bone toxicity induced by drugs in various bones in aged rats. Male Crl:CD (SD) rats at 46 weeks of age were administered 15 mg/m(2) body surface area of doxorubicin, which effects the growth plate in weanling rats, weekly for 9 weeks by intravenous injection, and the femur, sternum, humerus and tibia were examined histopathologically. In the doxorubicin-treated group, thinning of the growth plate was remarkably observed in the proximal tibia and humerus; however, these changes were not observed in other regions. In addition, the osteoclast number per bone perimeter in the proximal tibia was significantly higher than others in control aged rat. Thus, recognizing the various histological reactions related to the time of epiphyseal closure is important for evaluating bone toxicity in aged rats.     

大枣低聚糖对蛋雏鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响

试验选用罗曼1日龄蛋雏鸡200羽,采用单因子随机设计,分成4组(空白组、试验1组、试验2组、试验3组),每组5个重复,分别饲喂添加0、500、1000、1500 mg/kg大枣低聚糖的基础日粮,试验期35 d,探讨大枣低聚糖对蛋雏鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验2组、3组日均采食量分别提高了9.4%和8.9%(P<0.05),平均日增重分别提高了14.8%和13.1%(P<0.05);试验2、3组脾脏指数、胸腺指数、法氏囊指数、IgA和IgG水平均显著提高(P<0.05);试验1组脾脏指数、胸腺指数和IgA水平均显著提高(P<0.05)。本试验表明,饲料中添加大枣低聚糖可提高蛋雏鸡的生产性能和免疫机能,其中日粮中添加量为1000 mg/kg效果较理想。     

笼养与平养育雏对雏鸡生长性能影响的比较研究

选择用笼养和平养两种育雏方式对不同品种1日龄雏鸡进行饲养,试验设计分处理组与对照组,试验组为笼养育雏,对照组为平面育雏,都以煤炉作为育雏保温源.每处理10个重复,每重复120只鸡,试验全期记录鸡的采食量、疾病发生率,并分别在第10、20、30日龄时,称取每重复体重,计算处理组保温成本(煤耗费用)、日增重、料肉比、生长均匀度、疾病发生率等指标.结果显示,与平养育雏相比,30日龄时笼养育雏4个品种(青脚麻E、广西花鸡、广西土2号、新矮脚黄A)的保温费用分别减少0.12、0.24、0.30、0.12元,累积增重分别提高170 g(P＜0.05)、102 g (P＜0.05)、35 g(P＞0.05)、60 g(P＜0.05);料肉比分别降低0.23 (P＜0.05)、0.12(P＞0.05)、0.23 (P＜0.05)和0.21(P＜0.05);30日龄鸡群均匀度分别提高11％ (P＜0.05)、7％(P＞0.05)、9％(P＞0.05)、15％(P＜0.05);笼养育雏组未发生球虫病,呼吸道疾病发生率显著低于平养育雏.结果表明,笼养育雏显著降低成本,提高生产性能,是有效阻断疾病发生的科学育雏方式.     

Presence of cervical vertebral malformation in Dobermann puppies and the effects of diet and growth rate

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between diet, growth rate and the presence of caudal cervical malformation in Doberman puppies. DESIGN: A prospective study of 15 Dobermann puppies from three unrelated litters, aged from 0 to 16 weeks. PROCEDURE: The growth rate in terms of body weight gain and increase in ulna length were measured weekly for all puppies. In addition the nutritional quality of the diets was assessed. Radiographs of the cervical spine were taken at 6 and between 12 and 16 weeks of age and examined for the presence of caudal cervical vertebral malformation. A mixed model for repeated measures data was used to investigate the relationship between the growth rate of the puppies and the fixed effects age, dam, diet, gender and presence of caudal cervical malformation. RESULTS: Five of the puppies had changes consistent with caudal cervical malformation. The diets fed were either balanced or transiently deficient in protein, calcium, phosphorus and/or magnesium. There was no significant association between growth rate and the variables dam, gender and the presence of caudal cervical vertebral malformation. There was no significant association between diet and increase in ulna length, but a trend existed between body weight gain and the feeding of a balanced diet (P = 0.0672). CONCLUSION: Caudal cervical vertebral changes can be detected radiographically as early as 6 weeks of age in some Dobermann puppies. A balanced diet and growth rate are not significant factors in its initial development.