Past, present and future criteria to breed crops for water-limited environments in West Africa

Asia's Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s has largely bypassed West Africa, and “modern” (high-yielding, input responsive) germplasm for staple crops has found comparatively little adoption, except for systems that are have good access to markets and sufficient water resources. It is unlikely, however, that breeding objectives conserving traditional crop characteristics as found in extensive systems would have been more successful. The authors identify systems caught in the agricultural transition from subsistence to intensified, market-oriented production as the most important target for crop improvement, and provide examples of new breeding objectives for cowpea, sorghum and upland rice. In each of these cases, breeders, with the help of physiologists, have developed innovative plant-type concepts that combine improved yield potential and input responsiveness with specific traditional crop characteristics that remain essential during the agricultural transition. In the case of cowpea, dual-purpose varieties were developed that produce a good grain yield due to an erect plant habit, then produce new leaves enabling a second harvest of green foliage. For upland rice systems that are limited by labour (mainly needed to control weeds that abound due to shortened fallow periods), a weed competitive plant type was developed from Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima crosses. Lastly, sorghum breeders who had previously deselected photoperiod sensitivity are now re-inserting sensitivity into plants having “modern” architecture, in order to allow for flexible sowing dates while maintaining an agro-ecologically optimal time of flowering near the end of the wet season. The ecophysiological basis of these plant types, their place in current and future cropping systems, as well as the problem of under-funding for their realisation, are discussed.     

Evaluation of the RZWQM-CERES-Maize hybrid model for maize production

The root zone water quality model (RZWQM) was developed primarily for water quality research with a generic plant growth module primarily serving as a sink for plant nitrogen and water uptake. In this study, we coupled the CERES-Maize Version 3.5 crop growth model with RZWQM to provide RZWQM users with the option for selecting a more comprehensive plant growth model. In the hybrid model, RZWQM supplied CERES with daily soil water and nitrogen contents, soil temperature, and potential evapotranspiration, in addition to daily weather data. CERES-Maize supplied RZWQM with daily water and nitrogen uptake, and other plant growth variables (e.g., root distribution and leaf area index). The RZWQM-CERES hybrid model was evaluated with two well-documented experimental datasets distributed with DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) Version 3.5, which had various nitrogen and irrigation treatments. Simulation results were compared to the original DSSAT-CERES-Maize model. Both models used the same plant cultivar coefficients and the same soil parameters as distributed with DSSAT Version 3.5. The hybrid model provided similar maize prediction in terms of yield, biomass and leaf area index, as the DSSAT-CERES model when the same soil and crop parameters were used. No overall differences were found between the two models based on the paired t test, suggesting successful coupling of the two models. The hybrid model offers RZWQM users access to a rigorous new plant growth model and provides CERES-Maize users with a tool to address soil and water quality issues under different cropping systems.     

Modelling carbon dynamics in mixed grass–red clover swards

Growth and carbon dynamics in mixed grass–red clover leys were simulated using a growth model for pure stands based on radiation use, allocation within plant and loss of biomass. The model and its parameter values were taken from previous applications of the model to pure swards of grass and red clover grown in the same experiment at the same sites and years.     

中兽药前处理及提取车间布局设计的分析与建议

中兽药是兽医用药的重要组成部分,兽用中药制剂的质量与中药材前处理及中药提取工艺密切相关。文章从车间布局、设施设备和车间环境要求等方面详细分析了《兽药生产质量管理规范》对中药前处理车间和中药提取车间的要求,并结合生产实际提出中药前处理车间和中药提取车间的设计建议,给兽药企业中药前处理车间和提取车间GMP改造提供参考,以期在设计和建造中降低企业成本,满足兽用中药提取物及中药制剂达到安全、有效、稳定、可控的质量要求。     

OsI2基因的克隆及其植物表达载体的构建

在旱稻IRAT109干旱胁迫下cDNA芯片分析结果的基础上,通过RT-PCR,5'-RACE及3'-RACE方法,从IRAT109总RNA中扩增得到了干旱胁迫下芯片表达谱中上升表达强度第二的基因全长序列,命名为OsI2,全长有523 bp,并对基因序列结构进行了分析.该基因与全长cDNA文库中的CT836140.1有99%同源.OsI2基因编码产物对应1个包含57个氨基酸的开放阅读框(ORF),为一功能未知蛋白.其编码产物也可能对应两个中间相隔19 bp的较小ORFs(43个氨基酸和42个氨基酸),都是功能未知的蛋白.在pBI121载体的基础上,将OsI2基因与CaMV35S连接成功构建了pBl121-OsI2植物表达载体,为进一步研究其功能创造了条件.     

深圳城市公园植物典型配置模式初探

深圳城市公园生境多样,景观类型丰富,造景水平较高;通过对深圳城市公园植物配置实用模式的调查研究,分析了应用植物种类的选择,总结提炼了18种典型的景观单元配置模式,并提出有利于今后发展的相关工作建议。     

蚯蚓与植物联合去除猪粪中的Cu,Zn污染研究

由于饲料添加剂的使用,畜禽粪便中的重金属污染已非常普遍,尤其是Cu,Zn污染最为显著。为此,利用蚯蚓对腐熟猪粪进行处理,再通过植物对蚓粪中Cu,Zn吸收的方法,进行了消除猪粪中重金属的研究。结果表明,蚯蚓对猪粪Zn有较强的吸收能力,富集系数为1.43;而对Cu的吸收能力相对较弱,富集系数为0.61。植物对Cu,Zn的吸收贡献不大,但可以作为饲料返回到动物体内,从而减少饲料添加剂中Cu,Zn的含量。通过蚯蚓与植物的联合处理,能有效地降低腐熟猪粪中Cu,Zn的含量。     

森林土壤氧化亚氮排放对氮输入的响应研究进展

大气中氧化亚氮（N2O）浓度的上升加剧了全球变暖。森林土壤在调节大气N2O浓度中发挥着至关重要的作用。近年来,氮（N）输入对森林土壤N2O通量的影响备受关注。然而,森林土壤N2O排放对N输入响应的机制,尤其是植物和微生物对N2O通量的调控作用尚缺乏系统研究。因此,本文综述了N输入如何通过森林植被（根系N吸收、凋落物分解和形成丛枝菌根）和土壤微生物（微生物量和群落组成）调控N2O产生途径从而影响森林土壤N2O排放。结果表明,植物的竞争性氮吸收能降低氮输入对N2O排放的促进作用,其作用大小可能主要取决于土壤“氮饱和”状态。植物凋落物主要通过分解过程中的养分归还和次生代谢产物释放来影响氮输入背景下的森林土壤N2O排放,前者具有促进作用,而后者具有抑制作用。丛枝菌根主要通过吸收有效氮和水分、促进团聚体形成以及改变N2O相关功能基因群落调控森林土壤N2O通量。N输入导致的土壤酸化或养分限制,通常会降低微生物量和/或改变微生物群落组成,从而控制N2O排放。N输入对N2O不同产生途径也会造成影响,受土壤湿度、N2O底物浓度以及N2O相关功能基因丰度（AOB、 AOA、nirK、 nirS和nosZ）的调控。未来在模型预测中,需要将植物氮吸收、凋落物分解、菌根以及N2O产生途径充分纳入模型,以提高模型预测准确性,为全球变化背景下制订森林管理政策和温室气体减排措施提供支持。     

施肥水平与播量对青稞生长及产量的影响

为提升甘南青稞产业种源支撑基础,实现青稞新育品种的增产增收潜力,以青稞新品种甘青11号为试材,在甘南高寒阴湿区旱川地进行了不同施肥水平与播量对其生长及产量的影响试验。结果表明,施肥水平为尿素150 kg/hm2、磷酸二铵225 kg/hm2,播量为192.0 kg/hm2时,甘青11号青稞折合产量最高,为3 720 kg/hm2;施肥水平为尿素150 kg/hm2、磷酸二铵300 kg/hm2,播量分别为223.5、256.5 kg/hm2时,甘青11号青稞折合产量较高,分别为3 580、3 510 kg/hm2。由此可见,在施肥水平为尿素150 kg/hm2、磷酸二铵225～300 kg/hm2,播量为192.0～256.5 kg/hm2时,青稞产量高、综合农艺性状优良。综合考虑,该施肥水平和播量为青稞在甘南高寒阴湿区种植适宜的肥料配比和播量。     

黄土高原中部冬小麦生长对气候变暖和春季晚霜冻变化的响应

利用位于黄土高原中部的甘肃西峰试验田资料和当地平行气象观测资料,分析了春季气温、终霜冻和冬小麦生长发育对气候变暖的响应特征。结果表明：1981年以来,春季平均气温和平均最低气温分别以1.2℃/10a和1.1℃/10a的速率升高,5月的极端最低气温以1.2℃/10a的速率升高;1997年以来4月极端最低气温波动幅度增大,在气候变暖大背景下2001年和2006年出现了最小值,属于反常年份,冻害严重;终霜日期提前的气候趋势比较明显,速率为3.2d/10a,终霜日地面最低温度表现为波动变化,个别年份出现反常的重霜冻灾害;终霜冻过程的持续日数表现出阶段性增加规律,地面最低温度负积温在反常年份2005-2006年有增强变化;1981年以来冬小麦拔节期以4.5d/10a的速率极显著提前（P〈0.01）,1997年以来提前趋势更加明显,1997-2008年平均拔节期比1981-1996年提前9d。气候持续变暖,冬小麦拔节期提前的速率大于终霜日提前的速率,表明冬小麦春季拔节-孕穗期遭受终霜冻危害的气候风险在增大。