Lysimeter study on the use of biodrainage to control waterlogging and secondary salinization in (canal) irrigated arid/semi-arid environment

The study describes the capacity of trees to control the rise in water table and thus prevent the formation of waterlogged soils and development of secondary salinization in canal irrigated areas. It was conducted in RCC lysimeters of 1.2 m dia. and 2.5 m depth filled with sandy loam alluvial soil (Typic Ustochrept), with provisions to maintain water table depth at 1, 1.5 and 2 m from the surface and groundwater salinity at 0.4, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS m-1. The amount of water biodrained by eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea) at the given water table depths and groundwater salinity levels was monitored over four years by daily measuring the water needed for maintaining the water table. The trees continued to absorb and transpire water throughout the year, the capacity being more in summer and rainy than that was in the winter season. The eucalyptus plant could biodrain 2880, 5499, 5518 and 5148 mm of water in the first, second, third and fourth year of study period, from non-saline groundwater and a water table depth of 1.5 m. The amount of water biodrained was more at 1.5 m as compared to 1 and 2 m water table depths. The biodrainage capacity of trees was significantly affected by the salinity of the groundwater. However, even at salinity of 12 dS m-1, the eucalyptus plant biodrained 53% of that under non-saline conditions. It was calculated that biodrainage could control water table rises upto 1.95, 3.48, 3.76 and 3.64 m in first, second, third and fourth year, respectively. The secondary salinity developed in the root zone, upto 45 cm depth, did not exceed 4 dS m-1 even at water table depth of 1 m with salinity of 12 dS m-1. The volume of water biodrained by bamboo increased with time and could control water table rises upto 1.09, 1.86, 2.46 and 2.96 m in first, second, third and fourth year of growth, respectively.This study indicates that due to high transpiration capacity and an ability to extract water from deeper layers containing saline groundwater, the trees can control the rise in water table in irrigation command areas and prevent the formation of waterlogged and eventually the saline wastelands.     

痕量灌溉管不同埋深对日光温室沙培黄瓜的影响

以微喷灌溉(CK)为对照,研究痕量灌溉管在沙培中不同埋深对日光温室春季黄瓜生长、产量和水分生产效率等的影响.结果表明,T3处理(25cm)的黄瓜生长与CK(微喷)相比受到显著抑制,T1 (5cm)、T2(15cm)处理黄瓜生物积累量、叶片净光合速率、果实品质与CK相比均有所提高,不同处理间叶片电导率、MDA、根系活力差异不显著,T1、T2、T3处理沙子含水量均低于CK;T1处理的产量比T2处理提高了1.9％;与CK相比的T1、T2处理水分生产效率分别提高50.9％、60.0％.分析表明,日光温室沙培黄瓜栽培中痕量灌溉管埋设深度为5 cm最佳.     

吉林镇赉县白沙滩灌区综合开发研究

从白沙滩灌区的作用、优势等多方面进行阐述,提出了以嫩江水资源为依托,进行综合立体开发,促进当地稻、苇、渔等产业的发展的思路。     

津郊污灌区土壤及蔬菜重金属污染调查与评价

天津地处九河下梢,承纳了当地及北京等地区的大量污水,污灌历史长、面积大,其污灌区土壤与蔬菜的重金属污染一直是人们关注的问题。对在市郊采集的9个采样点的土壤和蔬菜样品进行了重金属含量分析,并分别采用内梅罗综合污染指数法和单因子指数法对土壤和蔬菜重金属污染进行评价。结果表明,采样点土壤重金属污染严重,均以Cd污染为主,综合污染指数均超过警戒线,最高达22.01。根茎类、茄果类、瓜类蔬菜均受到Pb、Cd、Se、As的严重污染且超标率较高,污染指数均超过3.00,叶菜类蔬菜受Se、As、Pb的污染也很严重。津郊污灌区土壤和蔬菜重金属污染严重,污水灌溉是造成污染的主要原因,应该加以控制和治理。蔬菜对不同重金属元素的富集能力不同,葱、蒜对大多数重金属元素具有较强的富集能力,可考虑作为土壤修复的备选植物。     

不同补充灌溉量对番茄幼苗生长的影响

采用营养钵称质量的方法,研究补充80%、100%、120%蒸发量的不同灌溉量对番茄幼苗形态、干物质积累、水分生理等的影响。结果表明,按植株蒸腾蒸发量的100%补充灌溉,番茄幼苗的株高、茎粗、叶片数达最大值,且植株干物质积累增大,壮苗指数显著提高。因此认为番茄苗期最佳补充灌溉量为植株蒸腾蒸发量的100%。     

基于模糊算法的温室番茄调亏滴灌制度综合评判

该文研究利用改进的模糊综合评判模型在温室滴灌番茄生长、产量、品质和耗水进行综合评判的可行性。于2015和2016年在中国农业科学院新乡综合试验基地的日光温室内,以滴灌番茄为研究对象,参考20 cm标准蒸发皿的累积蒸发量,分别在开花坐果期和成熟采摘期进行充分灌溉、轻度亏缺和中度亏缺,采用改进的模糊综合评判模型,对调亏灌溉制度温室番茄的生长指标、产量指标、耗水指标和品质指标进行综合评价。结果表明:不考虑阶段水分亏缺条件下,番茄的生长指标、产量指标和蒸发蒸腾量指标均随灌水量的增大而增大,品质指标则相反。轻度亏缺对番茄品质指标的影响较小(两者的品质综合评判指数为0.135和0.138,0.125和0.124),采摘期轻度亏缺的生长指标和产量指标的综合评判指数高于花果期轻度亏缺处理,且全生育期蒸发蒸腾量较低;花果期中度亏缺的产量指标和品质指标的综合评判指数与采摘期中度亏缺相近,但前者的总蒸发蒸腾量低于后者。因此,推荐水资源充足地区可采用在成熟采摘期轻度亏缺的灌溉模式,而水资源短缺地区采用在开花坐果期中度亏缺的灌溉模式。研究可为温室调亏滴灌制度的优化提供参考。     

银川灌区灌溉回归水质量评价

银川灌区回归水指灌溉农业土壤深层渗滤水、农田尾水、渠道渗漏水、退水及少量的工业废水和城镇生活污水，年排量２３．３亿ｍ３。我们对三条主要排水干沟回归水中２８种物质含量评价表明：属无毒有害型微咸水，采取与黄河水掺灌或轮灌适宜的灌溉制度对作物生长及土壤盐碱化无不良影响，可开发利用作灌溉用水。     

Characteristics of lodging resistance of high-yield winter wheat as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation managements

High yields of wheat are mainly obtained through a high level of nitrogen and irrigation supplementation.However,excessive nitrogen and irrigation supplication increase the risk of lodging.The main objectives of this work were to clarify the capacity of lodging resistance of wheat in response to nitrogen and irrigation,as well as to explore the effective ways of improving lodging resistance in a high-yield wheat cultivar.In this study,field experiments were conducted in the 2015–2016 and 2016–20...     

地表覆盖对河套灌区土壤水热和番茄生长的影响

在河套灌区以不覆盖为对照,测定了地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖、地膜+秸秆覆盖对土壤水热和番茄生长的影响。结果表明,地膜覆盖提高了土壤温度,而秸秆覆盖、地膜+秸秆覆盖降低了土壤温度,其中秸秆覆盖降低的幅度较大。在番茄生育前期不同覆盖可提高0—50cm土层的土壤水分含量,其中地膜覆盖效果最好。地膜覆盖使番茄产量提高了222.61%,地膜+秸秆覆盖使产量提高了17.04%,而秸秆覆盖则使产量降低了3.06%。地膜覆盖使水分利用效率提高了93.83%,地膜+秸秆覆盖使之提高了5.90%,秸秆覆盖则使水分利用效率降低了19.29%。河套灌区番茄播种时以地膜覆盖为宜,不宜采用秸秆覆盖。     

Radiation interception and radiation use efficiency of potato affected by different N fertigation and irrigation regimes

Three years of field experiments were carried out to explore the response of potato dry matter production, accumulated intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (Aipar) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) to five N levels providing 0, 60, 100, 140 and 180 kg N ha⁻¹ and three drip irrigation strategies, which were full, deficit and none irrigation. Results showed that, irrespective of years, dry matter production and Aipar were increased by prolonged N fertigation, even though N fertigation was carried out from middle to late growing season. The highest total and tuber dry matter and accumulated radiation interception in all three years were obtained when potatoes were provided with 180 kg N ha⁻¹. RUE on the other hand was not affected by N regime. Thus, increases in total dry matter production with increasing N levels were essentially caused by higher Aipar. The strongest response to N fertilization occurred when most N was applied early in the growing season and the latest N fertilization should be applied no later than 41–50 days after emergence. Deficit irrigation, which received ca.70% of irrigation applied to full irrigation, did not reduce radiation interception and radiation use efficiency.