Effects of repeated urea doses on soil chemistry and nutrient pools in a Norway spruce stand

Pools of macro-nutrients in soil and vegetation were studied in an old fertilization experiment with a large previous input of N. Different doses of N, in the form of urea, had been added four times during a 20-year period. In total, between 480 and 2400 kg N ha⁻¹ had been given. The experiment was established in a relatively productive Norway spruce stand and the expectation was that the large N input would cause an accelerated leaching of N, especially nitrate, accompanied by soil acidification and losses of several nutrients. The aim was to test for possible residual effects. Thirteen years after the last N addition, samples from the aboveground part of trees, field layer, S-layer, humus layer and mineral soil (0–10 cm) were analyzed for concentrations of most major nutrients. Nutrient pools were calculated. In the humus layer, the concentration of N increased and the C/N-ratio decreased with increasing N dose. The calculated recovery of added N in soil including ground vegetation was complete for the lowest N dose, while it was 25–50% for higher doses. The amount of N retained was unaffected by the N dose. The amount of extractable P in the upper part of the mineral soil was negatively correlated with N dose, as was also the concentration of total P in the S-layer. Neither soil pH, nor concentrations or amounts of Ca, Mg and K were affected by the previous fertilization. The calculated total soil-plant pool was only influenced by N dose in the case of P, which was 20% lower at the highest N dose compared with unfertilized conditions. Despite the large extra N input, the nutritional changes in plants and soil of the actual study site seemed surprisingly small.     

青海云杉种实害虫危害情况及综合治理调查分析

青海云杉的种实害虫有十几种，危害严重的有三种，即云杉球果小卷蛾、云杉蛀果斑螟和云杉梢斑螟，主要发生在甘肃祁连山林区。本文经过调查，根据青海云杉和种实害虫的生物学特性，提出加强青海云杉林的经营管理，尽量减少广谱性化学药剂的大面积使用；尽可能多的应用营林技术为主的、不杀伤天敌的防治措施，以达到青海云杉种实害虫综合治理的良性循环；并提出青海云杉种实害虫综合治理的策略、原则以及评价青海云杉种实害虫综合治理的步骤和方法。     

云杉天然群体种实性状变异研究

以云杉全分布区内7个有代表性的天然群体,每个群体30个家系(单株)为试验材料,对7个种实表型性状采用方差分析、多重比较、相关分析和聚类分析等统计分析方法,讨论了群体间和群体内的表型多样性。结果表明,云杉种内表型性状在群体间和群体内存在极其丰富的遗传变异,云杉球果长度、球果宽度、球果长宽比、球果干重、种子长度、种子宽度和种子长宽比7个性状的表型分化系数(VST)分别为48.63%,41.19%,24.59%,49.72%,61.63%,62.04%和5.00%,球果和种子的性状指数比单个性状稳定;种实性状表型分化系数的变幅为5.00%～62.04%,群体间表型分化系数均值为41.83%;群体间变异(41.83%)稍小于群体内变异(58.17%)。7个种实表型性状间多数呈极显著或显著相关,球果长度、球果宽度和种子长度为易测定和重要的种实表型性状;云杉种内群体的球果表型变异在空间分布上呈现出以纬度为主的单向变异模式,球果性状与温度呈极显著正相关,与纬度、年降水量和生态梯度值(EGA)呈极显著或显著负相关;利用群体间欧氏距离进行UPGMA聚类分析,可将云杉群体划分为4类。     

鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris filix-mas)天山云杉林种群结构分析

以西天山国家自然保护区内1 hm2原始鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris filix-mas)天山云杉纯林临时标准地调查材料为基础,分析鳞毛蕨天山云杉林胸径、树高和年龄结构、种群存活曲线以及基本测树因子之间的相互关系.结果表明:①鳞毛蕨天山云杉纯林种群结构稳定,无论是胸径、树高抑或年龄,均呈现出明显的倒"J"型,属于典型的异龄林林分结构,林木更新良好,在其自维持过程中不断有大量小径木更新补充;②林木株数随胸径、树高和年龄的增大,呈负指数函数或负幂函数递减;③树木胸径和树高随年龄的增大,按理查兹生长曲线递增;④胸径与树高的关系为非线性关系.此外,种群存活曲线总体趋势呈现"凹"型,表明该种群是一个连续更新的种群,在林分生长发育过程主要受到小尺度林冠干扰的影响.     

青海三江源区青海云杉育苗密度与经济效益初探

通过对三江源自然保护区青海云杉在不同育苗密度下生长状况的试验调查,以及经济效益的分析,结果表明:3 a生原床苗在密度为600万株/hm2时生长状况最佳,密度为900万株/hm2时经济效益最佳;6 a生移植苗在密度为180万株/hm2时生长状况最佳,密度为240万株/hm2时经济效益最佳。     

天山云杉林林冠干扰前后植物多样性及其与环境的关系

林冠干扰后，林窗内因小环境的改变使得植被作出相应的反应。1999年对天山云杉林林窗内和林内的植被进行的调查结果表明：在本研究范围内的天山云杉林中，经过林冠干扰后，植被受一定的影响。林冠空隙内丰富度指数均大于林内；36．7％的林冠空隙内个体生态优势度小于林内；76．7％的林内的均匀度指数大于林冠空隙内；66．7％的林冠空隙Shannon个体多样性指数大于林内。林冠干扰前后，各环境因子和植物多样性之间有一定的相关关系。影响林冠空隙内各多样性指数的因子包括海拔、有效N、有机质、全K、全P和总盐，有效N、有机质、全K、全P和总盐对均匀度指数有显著性影响；而影响林内各多样性指数的因子包括坡向、坡位、坡度、光照强度、有效N、全K、全P和总盐，但仅有坡向、坡度、光照强度对生态优势度指数有显著性影响。     

红皮云杉叶锈病病原菌的研究

红皮云杉叶锈病发生在小兴安岭林区,该林区的地理位置是48°～48°43′N,12°23′～130°19′E,总面积 51.8万 ha(包括东风、新青林业局)。此病害过去仅危害过伐林下层的幼龄林木,不引起人们的重视。但近年来已扩展到5～10年生的人工林木及林间苗圃的苗木上,严重地影响云杉人工林的生长量和苗木产量,给林业生产造成较大的损失(图版Ⅰ-1)。为此从1984～1986年开展了本项试验,现将有关病原菌接种试验和生活史部分的研究结果报道如下。     

青海云杉群落优势种群空间格局多样性研究

在青海云杉群落中用GPS定位设置样地16个、样方256个,研究甘肃祁连山林区青海云杉林优势种的空间分布格局。结果表明:青海云杉群落优势种的空间分布格局为集群分布;不同类型以及同一类型在不同的海拔高度的格局类型不尽相同,草类—青海云杉林逼近泊松分布,苔藓—青海云杉林有逼近泊松分布的趋势,混交林和其他类型为集群分布;不同类型优势种群的集群强度依次为:青海云杉混交林>灌木—青海云杉林>马先蒿—青海云杉林>苔藓—青海云杉林>草类—青海云杉林。苔藓—青海云杉林中优势种群在2 777～2 800 m为显著均匀分布,2 830～3 050 m为显著集群分布;草类—青海云杉林中优势种群在2 660～2 680 m为均匀分布,3 050～3 110 m为显著集群分布;混交林中青海云杉种群随海拔升高,集群强度增大,始终为显著集群分布;灌木—青海云杉林在低海拔(2 730 m)为均匀分布,在高海拔(2 880 m)为集群分布。青海云杉群落的进展演替过程依次为:青海云杉混交林、灌木—青海云杉林、草类—青海云杉林、马先蒿—青海云杉林、苔藓—青海云杉林。     

Variation in growth of Heterobasidion parviporum in a full-sib family of Picea abies

Abstract

Heterobasidion parviporum (Fr.) Niemelä & Korhonen and Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. sensu lato are some of the major forest pathogens in the northern hemisphere causing root and butt rot to conifers. The relative susceptibility to H. parviporum was investigated in a full-sib family of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] by inoculating a set of 252 cloned progenies from a controlled cross. Four ramets of each progeny were used and the 2-year-old rooted cuttings were incubated for 6 weeks under greenhouse conditions. The condition of the cuttings was assessed visually and all the plants were in excellent vigour with no mortality recorded during the experiment. To score the relative susceptibility, lesion length in the inner bark and fungal growth in the sapwood were measured. Among the progenies, significant differences were found for fungal growth in the sapwood (p<0.0005). There was no significant difference for lesion length; however, there was a significant positive correlation between fungal growth and lesion length. The broad-sense heritability was 0.11 for fungal growth. This shows that the genetic component for susceptibility to H. parviporum can be detected even within a full-sib family of Norway spruce and that there is a potential for mapping quantitative trait loci for this trait in Norway spruce.     

不同方法提取三种生态型沙地云杉总DNA的比较

沙地云杉为内蒙古特有树种,干旱适应性强,是我国西部重要造林树种。在长期适应干旱生态条件的过程中沙地云杉形成了紫果型、绿果型和红果型3种生态型。前期研究证明:紫果型沙地云杉有更强的抗旱能力,绿果型抗旱能力弱,红果型处于二者之间,是一个比较典型的过渡类型。本文从分子生物学的角度,详细叙述了沙地云杉总DNA的提取过程、方法,并对已知的植物DNA提取方法作了针对性的改良;对实验过程提取DNA的影响作了分析。为今后针对进行沙地云杉的植物基因研究和生物工程打下基础,对扩大沙地云杉造林面积和西部大开发的生态环境建设具有重要的指导意义。