土壤中重金属污染的植物修复研究进展

阐述了重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术,从超富集植物、植物的修复机制、影响因素和螯合剂在植物修复中的作用等几个方面综述了其研究现状和发展趋势。     

铅对茄果类蔬菜生长特性的影响

[目的]探讨铅在茄科类蔬菜中的积累规律和对叶绿素含量的影响。[方法]配制不同浓度含铅的土壤盆栽茄科植物,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定植物不同部位铅的含量,丙酮乙醇混合液法测定叶绿素含量。[结果]随着土壤铅浓度的增大,植物根、茎和叶铅含量逐渐增大,青椒和番茄中各部位铅的含量依次为根>茎>叶,茄子中各部位铅的含量为根>叶>茎;随着土壤铅浓度的增大,植物叶片中叶绿素含量逐渐降低。[结论]铅可被植物吸收,残留在植物的各个部位,其含量随土壤中铅含量的增加而增加,并可通过食物链进入人体,最终危害人类的健康。     

矿区与非矿区土壤重金属在艾蒿中的富集研究

[目的]揭示土壤－植物体系中重金属的关系,探明植物根、茎、叶对一些重金属的富集迁移能力。[方法]以平顶山一矿煤矸石山和白龟山水库附近的土壤和多年生野艾蒿为试材,采用火焰原子吸收法测定了平顶山矿区与非矿区土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb和Cr的含量以及这些金属在植物艾蒿根、茎、叶中的含量。[结果]除Cu、Cr外,矿区土壤和非矿区土壤均受到不同程度的污染。艾蒿根、茎、叶对这几种金属的富集能力和转运能力的分析表明,它们在该植物体的富集系数为：Cr〉Cu〉Pb〉Zn〉Mn,在根、茎、叶富集情况为：茎〉叶〉根。对重金属转运能力为茎大于叶,其中对Mn的转运能力最强。[结论]艾蒿可用于对矿区重金属污染土壤的修复。     

Long-term phytomanagement of metal-contaminated land with field crops: Integrated remediation and biofortification

Several studies on the phytomanagement of mixed-metal-contaminated land were carried out over a period of 10 years in an agricultural soil at Carpiano (Milan, Italy) and in pyrite waste at Torviscosa (Udine, Italy), in order to investigate the practicability of using various field crops for this purpose. Here we demonstrate that seed germination and initial growth are never critical steps under high levels of Cd or Cr, whereas poor plant productivity limits metal removal rates from contaminated waste. Phytoextraction alone was rarely an efficient remediation technology and, if the process was not chemically assisted, only Zn and Mn were accumulated above-ground in considerable amounts. A maximum of 8 kg ha⁻¹ of metals with rapeseed and only 0.33 kg ha⁻¹ with fodder radish were removed from soil. Cultivation of metal-contaminated land did provide some limited opportunity for natural biofortification of crops with Zn and Cu, with no apparent risk of toxic metals in the seeds of only a few crops. Improvements in tissue metal rates achieved with auxins, humic acids or chelators were largely detrimental to biomass yield. We conclude that the efficient use of crop species in phytoremediation requires the achievement of high productivity by appropriate agricultural management involving tillage, fertilisation and perhaps also capping or dilution with clean soil. The considerable metal stock in roots suggests exploring the effectiveness of long-term stabilisation, particularly in non-tillage systems.     

土壤重金属镉污染的植物修复与土壤酶活性

用盆栽法研究植物对土壤重金属 Cd的吸收富集和植物修复效应、土壤重金属 Cd浓度与土壤酶活性的关系 ,以及经植物修复后不同时间内土壤酶活性恢复情况。研究结果表明 :1植物对土壤 Cd污染具有富集和修复作用 ,但种间存在较大差异 ;2土壤脲酶活性随土壤 Cd浓度的增加而降低 ;3回归分析表明土壤脲酶活性与土壤 Cd浓度显著相关 ,可表示出土壤受 Cd污染程度 ;4受 Cd污染的土壤经过植物修复后 ,脲酶活性得到恢复 ,可根据脲酶活性恢复状况判断植物的修复效果。     

被农药污染的土壤植物修复研究进展

随着农药施用量的增加,农药污染土壤给生态环境造成了极大的危害,并引起了人们的普遍关注。传统的修复方法因其价格昂贵不能普遍采用,植物修复是近年来兴起的一种利用植物积累、吸收、降解等去除土壤、水、和沉积物中污染物的新方法。综述了农药污染土壤的植物修复国内外研究进展,讨论了植物吸收、植物提取、植物稳定、植物挥发、根际降解以及根际区酶的作用,同是指出了植物修复存在的不足。植物修复技术以其独特的优点必将成为污染环境修复研究热点之一。     

Culture-based and culture-independent assessment of the impact of mixed and single plant treatments on rhizosphere microbial communities in hydrocarbon contaminated flare-pit soil

Phytoremediation is a novel treatment option for weathered, hydrocarbon contaminated, flare-pit soil in prairie ecosystems. The remediation potential of six different naturalized prairie plants was assessed by examining their impact on the degradation potential of indigenous bacterial communities. Culture-based and culture-independent microbiological methods were used to determine if mixed plant treatments stimulate different microbial communities and catabolic genotypes in comparison to individual plant species that comprise the mix. DGGE analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes revealed that alfalfa (Medicago sativa) had a dominant effect on the structure of rhizosphere microbial communities in mixed plant treatments, stimulating relative increases in specific Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria populations. Alfalfa and mixes containing alfalfa, while supporting 100 times more culturable PAH degraders than other treatments, exhibited only 10% TPH reduction, less than all planted treatments except perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne). Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) reduction was greatest in single-species grass treatments, with creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra) reducing the TPH concentration by 50% after 4.5 months. Overall TPH reduction throughout the study was positively correlated (p<0.001) to culturable n-hexadecane degraders.     

Lead Phytostabilization and Cationic Micronutrient Uptake by Maize as Influenced by Pb Levels and Application of Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids

ABSTRACT

Phytoremediation is a promising technique to clean up toxic heavy metals including lead (Pb). A greenhouse trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of citric, succinic, malonic and oxalic acids on micronutrient uptake and phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil by maize under different Pb levels. Mean root and shoot dry weights of maize decreased with increasing Pb levels. At the lowest Pb level, application of citric and oxalic acids caused increase effects on root and shoot dry weight, respectively, as compared to the absence of organic acid. As Pb levels increased, micronutrient uptake in maize shoot decreased. Among the studied organic acids, only the application of oxalic acid increased uptake of all micronutrients in maize shoot as compared to control at the lowest Pb level. Mean root and shoot Pb concentration and uptake and also uptake index noticeably increased at the highest Pb level. All tested acids increased Pb concentration and uptake in maize root. At the highest Pb level, organic acids, except for citric acid, significantly increased shoot Pb uptake and uptake index as compared to the absence of organic acid. Translocation factors less than 1, demonstrated that most of Pb taken up by maize accumulated in root as compared to shoot. According to results reported herein, application of malonic, succinic and oxalic acids is a good strategy to enhance phytostabilization potential of Pb by maize in pb-polluted soils.     

Effect of Root Zone Temperature on Accumulation of Molybdenum and Nitrogen Metabolism in Potato Plants

Abstract

Changes in root temperature caused by the application of plastic covers were studied in relation to the uptake and content of molybdenum (Mo) in the different organs of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Spunta) plants (roots, tubers, stems, and leaves) and in relation to nitrogen (N) metabolism. For the semi‐forcing technique of mulching, four different covers were used: T ₁ (transparent polyethylene), T ₂ (white polyethylene), T ₃ (coextruded black and white polyethylene), and T ₄ (black polythylene). The control treatment had no mulch. The results revealed a positive and significant effect of plastic covers on root temperatures: T ₀ = 16°C, T ₁ = 20°C, T ₂ = 24°C, T ₃ = 27°C, T ₄ = 30°C. These thermal differences significantly influenced the Mo concentration, particularly in the T ₂ and T ₃ treatments in the leaves, roots, and tubers. The same temperatures significantly altered N metabolism in both the aerial and underground parts of the plants, and a strong interrelationship was found between Mo and nitrate reductase (NR) activity. The mulching of this crop proved to be a promising technique in phytoremediation.     

植物修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

大多数传统的重金属污染治理技术成本高,会引起土壤肥力下降,对各类生态系统造成负面影响.植物修复技术是一种成本低、环境友好的方法,不会对土壤性质和生态系统产生不利影响.综述了植物的修复机制及转基因技术在治理重金属污染土壤上的研究进展.