石油污染土壤植物修复技术研究及展望

石油在开采、运输和炼制过程中,由于操作不当等原因,常会有泄露或排放的现象,造成严重的环境污染。石油烃在表层土壤中的积累会导致土壤结构的破坏使土壤通透性能变差,严重影响到农作物的生长和发育。介绍了几种主要的石油污染土壤的修复技术,比较了各类方法的优缺点,重点分析了植物修复石油污染土壤的机理,综述了木本植物、草本植物、花卉植物以及植物联合修复石油污染土壤的应用实例,并对今后植物修复技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

李氏禾研究进展与应用现状

多年生禾本科草本植物李氏禾(Leersia hexandra),起初作为农田杂草备受关注,后因其具有抗旱耐淹耐瘠的生物学特性以及对重金属铬的超富集特性,成为水土保持领域和重金属污染防治领域的研究热点。就李氏禾在土壤重金属污染植物修复上的应用、李氏禾在人工湿地上的应用、李氏禾在水土保持上的应用和李氏禾与农田杂草的控制4个方面进行了综述,并对其今后发展进行展望,以期为该植物的应用提供参考。     

里氏木霉FS10-C对伴矿景天吸取修复镉污染土壤的强化作用

为提高伴矿景天对Cd污染土壤的修复效果,通过盆栽模拟试验,研究了木霉(Trichoderma)对伴矿景天生和Cd修复效率的影响.结果表明:Cd的加入抑制了伴矿景天的生长;伴矿景天在Cd含量为5 mg/kg模拟污染土壤中对Cd提取效率最高.在不同Cd污染水平下,里氏木霉(T.reesei)FS10-C使伴矿景天地上部干重比对照组增加了17.1％ ～42.5％,显著提高伴矿景天地上部对Cd的积累;在15 mg/kg Cd处理下,里氏木霉FS10-C处理组植物地上部Cd积累量高于对照组46.2％但对于土壤中NH4OAc提取态Cd含量影响不显著.说明里氏木霉FS10-C能提高伴矿景天对Cd的抗性,增加其生物量,从提高其修复效率.因此,里氏木霉FS10-C具有强化伴矿景天修复Cd污染土壤的应用潜力.     

几种苋科花卉对重金属铅的富集特征

[目的]为寻找铅污染土壤净化和景观化的材料.[方法]采用盆栽方法,研究了3种苋科花卉在铅污染条件下对铅的富集特征.[结果]3种观赏花卉中火炬鸡冠地上部吸收富集铅的量最大,积累铅能力最强,其次为红穗苋,红苋菜吸收积累铅能力最弱.[结论]火炬鸡冠耐性较强,可用作铅污染土壤的稳定修复植物.     

植物激素-螯合剂复合处理对红苋菜富集能力的影响

[目的]探寻一种高效的土壤污染植物修复技术.[方法]采用植物激素(IAA、GA3、SA)和螯合剂(EDTA)复合处理分别进行叶面喷施和土壤浇灌,研究其对红苋菜修复效率的影响.[结果]复合处理可增加红苋菜在133Cs、88Sr、Cd胁迫下的生物量,对于133Cs、88Sr、Cd的吸收量、转移系数和富集系数,土壤浇灌相比于叶面喷施显著提高了133Cs、88Sr、Cd在红苋菜植株内的富集;3种激素和螯合剂的复合处理效果从好到差依次为100 mg/L SA+1.5 mg/kgEDTA、500 mg/L GA3+1.5 mg/kg EDTA、100mg/L IAA+1.5 mg/kg EDTA.[结论]土壤浇灌100 mg/L SA+1.5 mg/kg EDTA为最适宜处理,使单株红苋菜对133Cs、88Sr、Cd的富集总量达到最大.     

Hydrocarbon degradation potential and activity of endophytic bacteria associated with prairie plants

Phytoremediation systems for organic compounds such as petroleum hydrocarbons rely on a synergistic relationship between plants and their root-associated microbial communities. To determine the probable role of endophytic bacterial communities in these systems, this study examined both rhizosphere and endophytic communities of five different plant species at a long-term phytoremediation field site. Hydrocarbon degradation potential and activity were assessed using MPN assays, PCR analysis of catabolic genes associated with hydrocarbon degradation, and mineralization assays with C-14 labeled hydrocarbons. Microbial community structure in each niche was assessed by DGGE analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments and subsequent band sequencing. Both endophytic degrader populations and endophytic degrader activity showed substantial inter-species variation, largely independent of that shown by the respective rhizosphere populations. Endophytic hydrocarbon degradation was linked to dominant bacterial endophytes. Pseudomonas spp. dominated endophytic communities exhibited increased alkane hydrocarbon degradation potential and activity, while Brevundimonas and Pseudomonas rhodesiae dominated endophytic communities were associated with increased PAH degradation potential and activity. In one plant species, Lolium perenne, increased endophytic alkane hydrocarbon degradation was associated with increased rhizosphere alkane degradation and decreased rhizosphere PAH degradation. Our results show that diverse plant species growing in weathered-hydrocarbon contaminated soil maintain distinct, heterogeneously distributed endophytic microbial populations, which may impact upon the ability of plants to promote the degradation of specific types of hydrocarbons.     

Development of transgenic hybrid sweetgum (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Liquidambar styraciflua</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">L. formosana</Emphasis>) expressing γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase or mercuric reductase for phytoremediation of mercury pollution

Using Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, we generated transgenic hybrid sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua × L. formosana) overexpressing two types of genes to enhance plant remediation of mercury-contaminated soil and water: bacterial γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase gene (ECS), the first and most important enzyme in phytochelatin synthesis, or various genes encoding a mercuric ion reductase (merA9, merA18, merA77). Hybrid sweetgum proembryogenic masses (PEMs) constitutively overexpressing ECS were able to grow in the presence of 50 μM HgCl₂, which inhibited wild-type PEMs, but plantlets regenerated from the PEMs had abnormal form and did not survive for more than a few weeks following germination. In contrast, mature somatic embryos generated from PEMs constitutively overexpressing merA9 and merA18 converted to normal plantlets on germination medium containing 25 μM HgCl₂, while control embryos were killed on 25 μM Hg(II)-medium. Transgenic merA plantlets displayed enhanced resistance to Hg(II) and released Hg(0) two to three times more efficiently than the wild-type plantlets.     

转阿特拉津氯水解酶基因烟草的获得及其生物降解能力分析

阿特拉津氯水解酶(AtzA)能有效催化有毒的阿特拉津脱氯生成无毒的羟基阿特拉津。本文将来自假单胞菌ADP的atzA-ADP和来自节杆菌AD1的atzA-NK分别插入Ti载体pBin438, 构建了atzA植物表达载体pBin438-atzA- ADP和pBin438-atzA-NK。并通过农杆菌介导法将其转入烟草, 经基因组PCR筛选及RT-PCR分析, 获得16株转atzA-ADP烟草株系和11株转atzA-NK烟草株系。在含150 mg L^-1阿特拉津的1/2MS培养基上生长50 d时, 株系401的降解能力最高, 达79.26%, 远高于野生型烟草的0.47%, 说明转基因烟草可用于建立阿特拉津残留环境的植物修复系统。     

垃圾填埋场植物修复和植被恢复研究进展

填埋是目前世界上多数国家普遍采用的生活垃圾处理方式,有关垃圾填埋所带来的环境污染问题的报道已有很多.由于可利用土地的日渐减少,需要对垃圾填埋场的土地资源进行恢复再利用.应用植物修复技术对垃圾填埋场进行植被恢复已日渐引起重视,本文尝试从植物修复的角度去探讨垃圾填埋场的植被恢复.     

被污染水体的植物修复技术研究进展

本文从植物对水体富营养化的修复、重金属污染水体的修复、有机污染物的水体修复等方面,综述了近年来国内外关于植物修复技术对污染水体的研究及应用现状,并对植物修复技术的发展方向进行了展望。