竺山湖控藻围隔内浮游植物群落结构的变化特征

为了研究太湖竺山湖生物控藻围隔内生态系统的结构以及放养鲢鳙对富营养化水质改善的效果,于2013年6 ～ 10月对该水域进行5次采样调查,并对浮游植物进行种类鉴定与数量统计,分析了浮游植物的群落结构、优势种和多样性特征.结果表明,共鉴定浮游植物8门71种,绿藻门最多,共26种,其次是硅藻门18种,蓝藻门14种,裸藻门5种,隐藻门3种,甲藻门和金藻门均为2种,黄藻门1种.浮游植物数量为5.83×106～ 1.57×107 ind/L,平均数量为1.05×107 ind/L;生物量的变化范围为0.66 ～2.74 mg/L,平均生物量为1.63 mg/L.多样性指数H为1.40～2.55,平均值为1.82;均匀度指数的变化范围为0.39 ～0.47,平均值为0.43.根据TLI(∑)并结合浮游植物群落结构对水质评价,太湖竺山湖生物控藻围隔内水质属于轻富营养状态.     

光照强度对浮游植物丰度及吸收铁的影响1）

在小兴凯湖采集水样,滤掉浮游动物,对浮游植物进行为期12 d的实验室培养。试验设置了4个光照梯度和5个Fe浓度,分别进行对比试验。结果表明：随着Fe浓度的增加,浮游植物对Fe的吸收量也相应的增加。在低光照强度下,浮游植物对Fe的吸收规律不明显。在光强为4000 lx时,浮游植物吸收Fe量为0的培养瓶中浮游植物丰度降低了63．6 ind· L－1。在光强为8000 lx条件下,浮游植物丰度与吸收Fe量呈正相关关系。在光强为12000 lx时,吸收Fe量为0．091 mg· L－1的培养瓶中浮游植物丰度增加了2791．2 ind· L－1,说明了光照强度对藻类生长的限制作用明显高于培养液中营养元素对藻类生长的限制作用。     

稻田中藻类的生长状况及其对肥料氮的固持

为了确定藻类对稻田生态系统中氮素固持与迁移过程的影响程度,本研究采用田间小区和15N微区试验,在水稻生长的不同时期,观测了藻类在稻田中的生长状况,定量测定了藻类的生物量和氮素固持量.结果显示,稻田中的藻类具有明显的群落演替特征,水稻生育初期以球状藻为主,中后期则以丝状藻为主.藻类的生长可分为两个阶段,即生长期和衰亡期,其中,生长期从稻秧移栽初期至拔节期,衰亡期从拔节期至水稻收获.在衰亡期,藻类生物量随时间的变化符合生长曲线模式.藻类生物质干重在2007和2009年水稻生育期的变化范围分别为205～610 kg/hm2和12～353 kg/hm2,而藻类氮素固持量则分别为N 5.4～17.5 kg/hm2和N0.4～11.0 kg/hm2.15N微区试验结果显示,藻类对15N的固持量为N 0.3～6.0 kg/hm2,占氮素总固持量的54％～68％,平均为57％,表明藻类固持的氮素中大部分来源于当季施入的氮肥.     

海藻热解生物油的成分分析

为了明确海藻热解生物油的主要成分及热解工况对成分的影响,对海藻生物质（条浒苔、马尾藻）不同工况下热解制得的生物油进行气相色谱质谱联用分析。海藻类生物油成分除了含氮化合物外,主要是一些烃类、酮类、醛类、醇类和酚类化合物,以及较大分子量的羧酸及其衍生物,并包含了少量呋喃、吡喃、吡啶等衍生物的杂环化合物。条浒苔油中羧酸及其衍生物（37.85%）和烃类物质（16.61%）较多,而马尾藻生物油中甾族（30.16%）和醇类化合物（24.81%）较多,也检测出油酸、棕榈酸酯和花生酸。不同工况下产生的生物油在组成成分上非常相似,只是相对含量有所不同。热解温度对海藻油组分分布起了重要作用,而载气流量对热解海藻油组分分布的影响不明显。试验结果还表明海藻油中含氮化合物的形成主要与蛋白质的分解有关。海藻生物油相对于陆上植物热解生物油优点为高含烃量,低含氧量。海藻热解制油工艺中温度应控制在500～600℃之间,能达到较佳产油率和油品。     

Mycosporine-like amino acids and marine toxins--the common and the different

Marine microorganisms harbor a multitude of secondary metabolites. Among these are toxins of different chemical classes as well as the UV-protective mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). The latter form a group of water-soluble, low molecular-weight (generally < 400) compounds composed of either an aminocyclohexenone or an aminocyclohexenimine ring, carrying amino acid or amino alcohol substituents. So far there has been no report of toxicity in MAAs but nevertheless there are some features they have in common with marine toxins. Among the organisms producing MAAs are cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and diatoms that also synthesize toxins. As in cyclic peptide toxins found in cyanobacteria, amino acids are the main building blocks of MAAs. Both, MAAs and some marine toxins are transferred to other organisms e.g. via the food chains, and chemical modifications can take place in secondary consumers. In contrast to algal toxins, the physiological role of MAAs is clearly the protection from harmful UV radiation by physical screening. However, other roles, e.g. as osmolytes and antioxidants, are also considered. In this paper the common characteristics of MAAs and marine toxins are discussed as well as the differences.     

Floridoside Extracted from the Red Alga Mastocarpus stellatus Is a Potent Activator of the Classical Complement Pathway

Many biological properties of algae have been found to have useful applications in human health, particularly in the fields of oncology and immunology. Floridoside, extracted from the red alga Mastocarpus stellatus, has a structure similar to the xenoantigen Gal alpha 1–3 Gal. This xenoantigen has been described to induce a high immune response in human xenografts and is mediated by natural anti-gal antibodies that activate the classical complement pathway. Based on this property, we analyzed the potential activities of floridoside on the immune system. We demonstrated that floridoside activates a complement cascade via the classical complement pathway, through the recruitment and activation of natural IgM. This algal molecule could represent an important step in the development of a potent new anticomplementary agent for use in therapeutic complement depletion.     

三亚红沙港环境特征及赤潮生物调查

2006年和2007年对三亚红沙港的自然环境概况、污染物来源和养殖状况及赤潮生物进行调查分析,为热带港湾赤潮可持续防控研究提供依据.结果表明:三亚红沙港是一个典型的热带半封闭型港湾;沿岸地表径流很少;污染物来源有养殖污染、生活污染和船舶污染,网箱养殖污染和沿岸池塘养殖污染是红沙港海域污染的主要来源;该海域赤潮生物种类非常丰富,共38种,主要种类为硅藻和甲藻,硅藻占68%,甲藻占26%;浮游植物主要优势种为骨条藻(Skeletonema sp.)和角毛藻(Chaetoceros sp.).该海域丰富的赤潮生物种类构成了该海域赤潮发生的潜在因素.     

黄河龙羊峡—刘家峡河段浮游植物调查及水质的生物评价

对黄河上游龙羊峡—刘家峡段16个采样地进行采样和鉴定,分析了黄河上游浮游植物的种类组成和生态分布特点,共检出藻类117个种属,隶属于硅藻门、绿藻门、蓝藻门、裸藻门和甲藻门。采用指示生物法和生物多样性指数法对水质进行评价,评价结果表明该河段属轻度污染。     

胶州湾北部沿岸浮游植物生态特征的研究

根据1998年4月中旬～10月中旬胶州湾北部的调查结果,共检出浮游植物26属56种,其中硅藻23属50种,甲藻3属6种。浮游植物数量的峰值出现在4月中旬和9月下旬,其均值分别为15115.5×103cell／m3和133315．1×103cell／m3,最低值出现在6～7月。加氏星杆藻、中肋骨条藻和浮动弯角藻曾在该海区形成优势种。     

Bioprospecting of Less-Polar Fractions of Ericaria crinita and Ericaria amentacea: Developmental Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity

Ericaria crinita and Ericaria amentacea from the Adriatic Sea (Croatia) were investigated with respect to the presence of less-polar compounds for the first time after fractionation by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The composition of less-polar fractions of freeze-dried E. crinita (FdEc) and E. amentacea (FdEa) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS). The major identified compounds were: amides of higher aliphatic acids (palmitoleamide, linoleamide, palmitamide, oleamide and erucamide) and related compounds, carotenoid (fucoxanthin), chlorophyll derivatives (pheophytin a and b and their derivatives) and higher terpenes (loliolide, isoamijiol with its oxidation product), β-stigmasterol and (3β,6α)-14-methylergosta-8,24(28)-diene-3,6-diol). The toxic effects observed on the less-polar fractions obtained from Ericaria species on zebrafish Danio rerio embryos could be associated with the high abundance of all five detected amides. The antioxidant activity of the fractions was evaluated by means of five independent assays, including the reduction of the radical cation (ABTS), the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the Folin–Ciocalteu method. A higher antioxidant activity of E. amentacea in comparison to that of the E. crinita fractions was found with IC₅₀ concentrations of 0.072 and 1.177 mg/mL, respectively. The correlation between the activity and the chemical composition revealed that the synergistic effect of different compounds impacted their antioxidant response.