致病疫霉拮抗菌梨黑斑病菌发酵条件的优化

为提高梨黑斑病菌(Alternaria kikuchiana)102菌株发酵产物对致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)Z182菌株生长的抑制效率,本研究利用涂布法和滤纸片法、采用单因素试验设计方法,在静置培养条件下,对梨黑斑病菌的最佳发酵条件进行了优化。结果显示,该菌株在28℃、自然pH、80 mL/250 mL装液量、6%接种量、黑暗培养8 d,所得发酵液对致病疫霉有较强的抑制作用,抑菌率可达85.7%。该菌株的抑制率优化后比优化前高出约15%,表明利用该菌株在抑制致病疫霉生长方面有进一步研究和利用的潜力。     

烟草内生细菌Itb295对黑胫病菌的抑制及其鉴定

[目的]确定分离自健康烟草植株的内生细菌Itb295的分类地位和生防潜能。[方法]通过平板对峙培养法测定菌株Itb295对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制作用,并结合菌株形态、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列(GenBank登录号JF496206)比对分析确定该菌株的分类地位。[结果]鉴定Itb295菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。菌株Itb295对黑胫病菌菌丝生长抑制率为34.64%,受抑制的黑胫病菌菌丝膨大、扭曲、分支增多,不能正常生长,抑菌效果的可逆性分析显示受抑制的菌丝在OA培养基上能够正常生长。[结论]为烟草黑胫病的防治及内生细菌Itb295的进一步研究提供了理论依据。     

致病疫霉拮抗内生细菌的筛选及离体防病作用

为了筛选对致病疫霉菌丝有显著抑制作用的植物内生细菌菌株,并测试其在马铃薯离体组织上对晚疫病的预防效果,本试验利用传统的分离培养方法从常见几种茄科植物组织内分离纯化内生细菌,以平板对峙法和滤纸片法分别测试细菌活体、无菌体发酵液和菌液对致病疫霉菌丝生长的抑制作用,在马铃薯块茎切片和离体叶片上测试菌液对晚疫病的预防效果。结果表明,分离纯化的81株内生细菌中,活体菌株对致病疫霉有抑制作用的有63株,抑制率达到50%以上的31株菌,其中以分离自辣椒果实的LJ-6和马铃薯块茎的TD-12菌株的抑制作用最强,抑菌率分别为93.12%和92.24%;同时发现活体菌株抑制率达到50%以上的31株菌的发酵液原液均无明显抑制作用,但这些菌株菌液的抑制作用普遍优于活体菌株;TD-12菌株的菌液在马铃薯块茎切片上对晚疫病具有显著的预防及诱导抗病效果,保护率均在91%以上;在马铃薯离体叶片上对晚疫病的防效为76.23%。这些结果表明TD-12菌株在防治马铃薯晚疫病方面有较大的应用潜力。     

番茄晚疫病菌生物学特性研究

对番茄晚疫病菌的生物学特性进行了初步研究,试验结果表明:病菌菌丝在大多数培养基上均能良好生长,其中RSA培养基最适宜菌丝生长及产孢;光照条件不利于菌丝生长及产孢,而黑暗条件起到促进作用;菌丝对碳源的利用,以蔗糖最好,甘露糖最差;在氮源利用方面,大多数氮源均促进菌丝生长,产孢量以氨基丙酸最多,胱氨酸最少;菌丝生长和产孢的温度范围为10~30℃,最适温度20℃,适宜pH为5~9。孢子囊萌发的最适温度为15℃,高于35℃不能萌发;光照抑制孢子囊的萌发,pH为7时孢子囊萌发率最高;孢子囊在各种营养物质中均能萌发;孢子囊的致死温度为57℃,10 min。     

致病疫霉拮抗菌筛选及复合发酵液的抑菌作用研究

为了利用微生物源活性物质控制马铃薯晚疫病,对显著抑制致病疫霉菌丝生长的拮抗微生物进行了筛选,并研究其单一发酵液和复合发酵液对致病疫霉的抑制作用。结果表明:从36种微生物中筛选出了16种对致病疫霉菌丝生长有显著抑制作用的微生物,其中B3282(细菌)、枯草芽孢杆菌和A32810(放线菌)这3种微生物的抑菌率均在70%以上;A4228、A32912、A5253和A32914等4种放线菌的抑菌率均在60%以上。对36种微生物单一发酵液的抑菌试验表明:仅白菜黑斑病菌、梨黑斑病菌和A32914的发酵液对致病疫霉表现出较强的抑制作用,抑菌率分别为80.51%、70.20%和48.91%;进一步将36种单一发酵液两两复合后发现,部分复合发酵液表现出了明显的增效作用,其中抑菌率最高及增效作用最强的是梨黑斑病菌和白菜黑斑病菌浓度为10 mg/ mL的复合发酵液,抑菌率达90.38%。     

新泰市马铃薯晚疫病田间药效筛选试验

_SSSSSS 【 】 选用了70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂等6种药剂开展马铃薯晚疫病田间防效试验。结果表明,80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂1500g/hm^₂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果最好,防效为77.4%;70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂375g/hm^₂对马铃薯晚疫病的防效次之,防效为73.6%。     

Stability of late blight resistance in population B potato clones

Summary Increased virulence associated with fungicide resistance and variablePhytophthora infestans populations has been recorded in many potato growing regions with enormous economic effects. The current emphasis on disease management in East Africa includes the use of potato varieties with durable resistance to late blight. Seven promising clones from Population B with quantitative resistance (no R-genes), two advanced clones from Population A (with Rgenes) and three control varieties were grown for three cropping seasons in order to determine their reaction and stability of late blight resistance. Late blight occurrence was detected in all cropping seasons. The analysis of variance of disease data (AUDPC) for genotypes, locations x seasons was highly significant (P<0.001) indicating the differential response of the geno-types and the need for stability analysis. The Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) statistical model, showed that the most stable genotypes were 392127.256, 381471.18, 387121.4 (resistant) and 391049.255 (susceptible to late blight). Within environments, the ranking of genotypes was not consistent. The variety Kabale was ranked as the most susceptible genotype while clone 381471.18 and Rutuku were ranked the most resistant. Selective deployment of resistant and stable varieties is critical in minimizing economic loss and damage attributed to late blight in low input farming systems.     

Gamma Ray-Induced Field Tolerance to Phytophthora Blight in Sesame

Due to the non-availability of sources of resistance in Sri Lanka to Phytopbthora blight in sesame (Sesamum indicum) caused by Phytopbthora nicotianae var. parasitica, a mutation breeding programme was initiated. Seeds of three genotypes were subjected to six doses of gamma rays from 100 Gy to 750 Gy from a ⁶⁰Co source. Seeds of M₂ bulks, sampled by variety and treatment from the first five capsules formed on M₁ plants, were grown in a field with a history of repeated incidence of the disease. The best 21 lines, having the highest survival and seed production, identified in the screening of M₃ and M₄ progeny rows of selected M₂ single plants were then tested in a replicated field trial with the recommended cultivar ‘MI 3’ as a control. The plant survival in selected lines averaged 43.3 percent as against 7.2 percent in the recommended variety. Eight selections recorded significantly higher seed yield than ‘MI 3’ at P < 0.01 and another three at P < 0.05. Gamma ray treatments of 450 Gy and 600 Gy produced more lines tolerant to the disease than the other doses used.     

三种橡胶树乙烯利刺激剂对柑桔褐腐疫霉的毒力测定

通过含毒介质和橡胶叶片接种的试验方法,测定三种不同载体的乙烯利涂剂(含2％乙烯利)对柑桔褐腐疫霉的抑菌率,结果表明三种乙烯利涂剂均有不同程度的抑菌能力,其中抗病增胶灵抑菌能力最高,效能稳定,持效期长;而以淀粉和甲基纤维素为载体的涂剂抑菌能力较低,效能不稳定,持效期短。     

疫霉菌对霜脲氰抗性遗传及对霜脲氰和甲霜灵的交互抗性

就疫霉菌对霜脲氰抗性的产生和遗传，以及疫霉菌对霜脲氰和甲霜灵的交互抗性进行了研究。结果表明，苎麻疫霉容易对霜脲氰产生抗药性突变，但抗性在连续３代单游动孢子分离过程中逐渐丧失。大雄疫霉对霜脲氰不易产生抗性突变，恶疫霉、大雄疫霉和苎麻疫霉对甲霜灵和霜脲氰不存在交互抗性