Wheat and Rye Differ in Drymatter Partitioning,Shoot-Root Ratio and Water Use Efficiency Under Organic and Inorganic Soils

Shoot-root ratio (S:R), dry matter partitioning (DMP), and water use efficiency (WUE) response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) vs. rye (Secale cereale L.) was investigated under organic [organic compost (OC), Miracle Grow (MG), sunshine peat moss (SPM), and Garden Basic peat humus (GBPM)], and inorganic soils [canyon soil (CS) and amarillo soil (AS)] in pot experiment at Dryland Agriculture Institute, West Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, during winter 2009–2010. The experiment was performed in completely randomized design (CRD) with three repeats. The objective of this experiment was whether S:R, DMP, and WUE of wheat versus rye differ under organic and inorganic soils. The results revealed that both crops responded differently in terms of S:R, DMP, and WUE under different organic and inorganic soils. Wheat had higher WUE than rye at different growth stages. Among the soil types, the three organic soils (MG, SPM, and GBPS) had higher WUE than the two inorganic (CS and AS) soils. The higher WUE of both crops when grown in organic soils such as MG, SPM, and GBPS was due to the higher dry matter partitioning to shoots and roots. The total dry weight plant^?1 showed positive relationship with WUE.     

加工番茄地上部干物质分配与产量预测模拟模型

为了探究加工番茄在滴灌栽培条件下地上部干物质分配动态和产量形成过程,该文通过定量分析加工番茄的生长发育特征,设置不同品种的播期试验,构建了基于分配指数(partitioning index,PI)和收获指数(harvest index,HI)的加工番茄地上部干物质分配与产量预测的模拟模型。利用与建模数据相独立的试验资料对模型进行了初步检验,结果表明,模型对不同播期、品种的加工番茄各生育期（出苗至开花、开花至坐果、坐果至红熟、红熟至拉秧期）干物质量,全生育期总干物质量、地上部茎、叶、果干质量的预测结果与1:1直线间的R2分别为0.9754、0.9936、0.9840、0.9713;0.9856;0.9595、0.9798、0.9671;RMSE和RE分别为0.029 t/hm2、11.43%;0.074 t/hm2、5.09%;0.250 t/hm2、6.83%;0.102 t/hm2、5.71%;0.504 t/hm2,8.06%;0.332 t/hm2,14.62%;0.200 t/hm2,10.84%;0.549 t/hm2,18.30%。模型对加工番茄产量的预测结果与1:1直线间的R2为0.9658,RMSE和RE分别为5.806 t/hm2、8.07%。该模型对于不同播期、品种的加工番茄干物质分配与产量的预测值与模拟值之间符合度较高,表明模型具有较好的预测性和适用性。该研究可为滴灌加工番茄精准栽培提供理论参考。     

无底容器育苗对史密斯桉苗木干物质分配和质量的影响

根据史密斯桉(Eucalyptus smithii)苗期生长规律,设计不同容器类型试验,系统研究无底容器育苗对移植后90 d的苗木质量的影响(即幼苗从苗床移植到容器生长90 d后).结果表明:无底袋容器苗比有底容苗在苗高、根颈直径、叶片数、叶面积和植株总干重分别提高了13.0%,21.7%,28.1%,11.8%,16.6%.无底容器苗的地上干物质分配指数(86%)高于有底袋苗(84.5%).     

Effect of planting date on growth, development, aerial biomass partitioning and essential oil productivity of wild marigold (Tagetes minuta) in mid hills of Indian western Himalaya

A field investigation was conducted at the Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur during the year 2005 to study the effect of planting dates on duration of growth and development in wild marigold (Tagetes minuta). Duration of growth phases (vegetative phase to budding phase and budding phase to 50% flowering phase), aerial biomass partitioning and essential oil production were analysed. Plantings were done in seven consequent meteorological standard weeks (MSWs) starting from the 30th MSW (30 July–5 August). Planting time coincided with distinct changes in weather parameters and consequently significant variation in the performance of the crop. The results indicated that the crop planted in the 30th and 31st MSW had the longest duration of growth and highest aerial biomass. But it partitioned more biomass towards the stem, whereas the crop planted in the 35th MSW produced significantly less biomass than the former and partitioned more towards leaf and flower and had maximum essential oil content and production. The crop planted at the 36th MSW had the minimum field duration of growth of 50 days, but the partitioning towards leaf and flower were higher than the longest field duration of growth (30th MSW). The study clearly indicated that planting dates had profound influence on growth and development of T. minuta as reflected from the significant variation on growth phase duration, aerial biomass partitioning, herb and essential oil yield.     

Variation in fish community composition along an Iberian river basin from low to high discharge: relative contributions of environmental and temporal variables

Abstract – Factors associated with the spatial and temporal variation of the lower Guadiana basin (southern Iberia) fish community were determined using data from 20 sites sampled during the summer of 1994 (dry year following a period of low discharge, total discharge from 1992 to 1994=1.45×10⁹ m³) and again during the summer of 1996 (wet year following a period of higher discharge, total discharge from January 1995 to August 1996=6.18×10⁹ m³). From the 17 explanatory variables initially considered six were retained for analysis by a forward selection procedure: maximum depth, altitude, channel width, substrate coarseness, SALT (a dummy variable identifying sampling locations belonging to tributaries that discharge to the brackish Guadiana) and YEAR (a dummy variable identifying the sampling year). Further, we partitioned the total variability in the Guadiana fish community into that accounted uniquely by selected environmental variables (34.9%), uniquely by sampling year (4.1%), by both sampling year and environmental variables (0.3%), and unexplained (60.7%). ^NOTE     

补充不同光质对温室黄瓜生长发育、光合和前期产量的影响

 【目的】研究温室黄瓜对不同光质的反应及其反应机理。【方法】对处于弱光条件下的温室黄瓜进行补充红光（650 nm）和蓝光（450 nm）处理,以补充白光为对照,补光时间10 h（7：30－17：30）,测定不同光质对温室黄瓜生长发育、叶绿素含量、叶片光合特性和前期产量的影响。【结果】补充红光处理提高了温室黄瓜冠层日最高温度、日最低温度、株高、叶面积、叶绿素含量、叶片光合速率、干物质产量,促进同化产物向营养器官分配。蓝光处理提高了温室黄瓜叶片的比叶面积、气孔导度,促进同化产物向果实分配,提高了商品果数量和商品果总产量。【结论】补充红光和蓝光由于提高了温室黄瓜叶片的光合速率、叶面积和比叶面积,从而增加了温室黄瓜的干物质产量,补充蓝光促进了同化产物向果实分配,从而提高了产量。     

玉米生长对石灰性土壤无机碳与有机碳释放的根际效应

利用IsoSource模型三源区分玉米根际土壤CO₂释放来源(根源呼吸、土壤无机碳与有机碳释放),研究玉米根际效应对石灰性土壤无机碳与有机碳释放的影响。在玉米拔节期(24～53 d)、抽穗期(54～66 d)和灌浆期(67～99 d)末分别破坏性取样,测定根系、土壤有机碳和无机碳的¹³C含量等指标;自拔节期开始至生育期末,每隔3d测定种植玉米与不种玉米的土壤呼吸CO₂量以及13C-CO₂含量。结果表明,利用IsoSource软件三源区分土壤CO₂的排放,土壤CO₂排放累计量以根源呼吸贡献为主(48.0%),其次为土壤有机碳(31.2%),最小为土壤无机碳(20.8%)。玉米对土壤无机碳与有机碳释放均表现为正根际效应,从拔节期至生育期末,种植玉米土壤有机碳与无机碳的释放分别较不种植土壤多65%和156%。土壤无机碳对于稳定全球碳库和调节大气CO₂浓度具有重要意义,若忽视石灰性土壤无机碳对土壤CO₂释放的贡献,有可能...     

Partitioning of C-photosynthates from different current shoots neighboring with fruiting spur in later-maturing Japanese pear during the period of rapid fruit growth

To elucidate the fate of photosynthates from different current shoots and their influence on fruit growth and bud differentiation in neighboring spur complex during the period of rapid fruit growth in two late-maturing Japanese pear cultivars: ‘Atago’ and ‘Shinkou’ with contrasting fruit size, ¹³C labeling of single shoot was done to investigate of C-relations in fruit branches of eight shoot-combinations. The results showed that all of the current shoots investigated (bourse shoots of nonfruiting spur, bourse shoots of fruiting spur, extension shoot, nonfruiting spur, vegetative shoot, and water sprout) could export photosynthates to the neighboring fruit and buds. Water sprouts together with vegetative shoots, bourse shoots, and extension shoots are important source for fruit growth after shoot growth termination during the period of rapid fruit growth in production of late-maturing pears. The carbon transfer rate from the neighboring to the fruit bearing spur is depent (i) on the types of shoot which acts as C source, (ii) on the position of the fruiting spur and (iii) on the source-sink distance. Furthermore, the cultivar difference in carbon partitioning from different current shoot-combinations confirmed that the movement of photosynthates into the fruit was determined by sink strength of the fruit, and ‘Atago’ exhibited a greater relative sink strength of fruit than ‘Shinkou’. In addition, vegetative shoots are very important C sources for fruit growth in ‘Atago’ and the growth pattern of bourse shoot seriously affects C allocated to fruit in ‘Shinkou’.     

Dry Matter Partitioning to Stem at Full Maturity Affects Stem Desiccation and Combine Harvest Maturity in Soybeans

Abstract

Days from full maturity to combine harvest maturity (DFC) is a major concern in combine harvesting of soybeans (Glycine max (L.)), especially in northern Japan, which has a short harvesting period. The combine harvest maturity, which was defined as the day at which the moisture content of the stem reached 30%, was analyzed using 7 soybean varieties for 3 yr in Hokkaido. There were significant differences in DFC among varieties (12 to 31 d) and among the 3 yr (16 to 25 d). DFC was closely associated with dry matter partitioning to stem (DMPS) at full maturity, that is, high DMPS increased DFC. The relationship between DMPS and DFC was examined by pod removal experiments conducted for 2 yr. In the soybean plants with high DMPS pod removal increased the stem desiccation period and DFC. These results indicated that DMPS at full maturity is an informative indicator for predicting the harvest maturity in the combine harvesting system.     

Effect of Phosphorus Nutrition on Growth and Physiology of Cotton Under Ambient and Elevated Carbon Dioxide

Phosphorous deficiency in soil limits crop growth and productivity in the majority of arable lands worldwide and may moderate the growth enhancement effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration. To evaluate the interactive effect of these two factors on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) growth and physiology, plants were grown in controlled environment growth chambers with three levels of phosphate (Pi) supply (0.20, 0.05 and 0.01 mm ) under ambient and elevated (400 and 800 μmol mol^?1, respectively) CO₂. Phosphate stress caused stunted growth and resulted in early leaf senescence with severely decreased leaf area and photosynthesis. Phosphate stress led to over 77 % reduction in total biomass across CO₂ levels. There was a below‐ground (roots) shift in biomass partitioning under Pi deficiency. While tissue phosphorus (P) decreased, tissue nitrogen (N) content tended to increase under Pi deficiency. The CO₂ × Pi interactions were significant on leaf area, photosynthesis and biomass accumulation. The stimulatory effect of elevated CO₂ on growth and photosynthesis was reduced or highly depressed suggesting an increased sensitivity of cotton to Pi deficiency under elevated CO₂. Although, tissue P and stomatal conductance were lower at elevated CO₂, these did not appear to be the main causes of cotton unresponsiveness to elevated CO₂ under severe Pi‐stress. The alteration in the uptake and utilization of N was suggested due to a consistent reduction (18–21 %) in the cotton plant tissue N content under elevated CO₂.