晚播小麦源库调节对籽粒灌浆期光合物质分配及产量因素的影响

 采用#+（14）C示踪方法对源库调节与晚播小麦籽粒灌浆期光合物质分配的关系进行了研究。晚播小麦在籽粒灌浆期旗叶的光合物质主要用于穗部籽粒生长；倒二叶光合物质亦主要供给籽粒，但向茎秆和根系中的分配增多；倒三叶是标记的三叶中光合物质向根系分配比例最大，向籽粒分配比例最小的叶片。研究表明，源库调节能影响到晚播小麦籽粒灌浆期的光合物质分配。穗库容降低，各叶片光合物质向穗部籽粒分配比例减少，向根系、茎叶中分配增多；叶源量减少，一般则向穗部籽粒分配比例增多。不同类型品种叶片光合物质在植株各器官间的分配受源库调节的影响程度不同。晚播小麦源库调节对穗粒数、粒重及其它穗部性状的影响因不同类型品种而异。相对减少源对鲁215953、鲁麦5号、鲁麦7号和鲁麦14号的穗粒数、粒重影响较小，但使鲁麦15号和辐63的穗粒数和粒重明显降低。     

热带森林林冠对降水再分配作用的研究综述

森林林冠对大气降水的再分配是水分输入森林的第一个环节,其过程涉及到森林生态、森林水文、森林气象及水土保持等诸多方面 热带地区森林林冠水文研究有其自身的特点,也存在着很多问题 对热带地区林冠降水截留、穿透降雨和树干径流的研究进展和现状进行简要概括,总结其中得到认可的规律性认识和依然存在的争议,以期对热带地区森林林冠水文生态效应有个较为正确和全面的认识 需要在热带地区林冠降水再分配研究中加以关注的方面包括:(1)附生植物、大型藤本植物、板根、不定根等热带雨林特有现象在水量和降水化学元素输入与分配中的作用;(2)对热带雨林以外的其他森林类型的林冠截留降水过程的研究;(3)对林冠降水再分配各过程的更为精确的数学表述,或改进现有的机理模型使其能够更为准确的反映各森林类型的降水再分配过程;(4)对热带美洲、热带亚洲和热带非洲森林林冠降水再分配的全景式了解和认识     

泡桐一年生埋根苗生长及同化产物分配的研究

对泡桐一年生埋根苗生长、干物质积累、储存/结构分配、同比物分配等规律进行了定量研究。并结合不同群体结构的研究,优化了育苗密度。研究结果表明:在年生长周期中,泡桐一年生埋根苗的叶面积增长和干物质积累规律均符合Logistic 方程,净同化率和比叶面积为单峰曲线,相对生长率和叶面积比随着时间的推移逐渐减小,储存/结构分配的变化规律与净同化率一致:而同化物的分配在各生长时期不同,生长初期主要分配给根系和叶片,速生期主要分配给叶片和茎,生长后期主要分配给茎和根系.同时,地上部分和地下部分的生长和分配具有交替节律性。密度影响单株叶面积、叶片的解剖结构和光能的分布,从而影响净同化率。随着密度的增大,净同化率降低,单株生物量减小。密度对储存/结构的分配没有显著影响,但它影响同化物在各器官间的分配。通过优化方法,确定育苗密度以每亩555株为最佳.     

脐橙叶片矿质营养元素含量的分区分布特征

为揭示矿质营养元素在脐橙叶中分区分布特征,以枳砧和枳橙砧纽荷尔脐橙为对象,测定新叶和老叶的叶尖、叶缘、中部、叶基和翼叶等5个分区中10种元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn和B)的含量,并分析各分区离子组成的差异。主成分分析显示,第一主成分(PC1)和第二主成分(PC2)分别解释了总变量的43.4%和21.1%,明确区分了新叶和老叶,大致区分了叶不同分区,发现新叶翼叶与其他分区具有明显差异,而老叶本叶各分区的离散程度明显大于新叶本叶各分区。两种砧木脐橙新叶中钾含量分布表现为翼叶叶基中部叶缘≈叶尖,镁含量表现为叶尖≈叶缘中部叶基翼叶;两种砧木脐橙老叶中锰含量表现为叶尖≈叶缘中部叶基翼叶,硼含量表现为叶尖叶缘中部叶基翼叶。N、P、B在新叶本叶各分区以及P、Ca在老叶本叶各分区间含量都没有显著差异。枳砧脐橙新叶翼叶Mn、Cu和Zn的含量与叶片其他分区没有显著差异,而枳橙砧脐橙新叶翼叶Mn、Cu和Zn的含量都分别显著低于叶片其他分区。结果表明,不同元素叶片分区分布特征存在明显差异,翼叶的元素含量和离子组成与叶片其他分区差异明显。     

补充不同光质对温室黄瓜生长发育、光合和前期产量的影响

 【目的】研究温室黄瓜对不同光质的反应及其反应机理。【方法】对处于弱光条件下的温室黄瓜进行补充红光（650 nm）和蓝光（450 nm）处理,以补充白光为对照,补光时间10 h（7：30－17：30）,测定不同光质对温室黄瓜生长发育、叶绿素含量、叶片光合特性和前期产量的影响。【结果】补充红光处理提高了温室黄瓜冠层日最高温度、日最低温度、株高、叶面积、叶绿素含量、叶片光合速率、干物质产量,促进同化产物向营养器官分配。蓝光处理提高了温室黄瓜叶片的比叶面积、气孔导度,促进同化产物向果实分配,提高了商品果数量和商品果总产量。【结论】补充红光和蓝光由于提高了温室黄瓜叶片的光合速率、叶面积和比叶面积,从而增加了温室黄瓜的干物质产量,补充蓝光促进了同化产物向果实分配,从而提高了产量。     

有机肥对烤烟干物质积累及分配的影响

试验研究了有机肥对烤烟各器官干物质积累的影响,以为黑龙江重茬栽培烤烟合理施用有机肥提供理论依据。本试验设在肇州县永胜乡,采用田间小区试验设计,4个处理,分别为对照B1,常规施肥B2,有机肥B3,有机肥+饼肥处理B4,所有处理氮、P2O5、K2O用量分别为52.50、78.75、105.00 kg.hm-2,3次重复。结果表明:根系、茎内B4处理干物质积累量比B2处理提高33.85%、17.51%,B3处理分别提高15.30%、10.19%;下部叶、中部叶、上部叶B4处理干物质积累量分别达到1 061.17、865.73、601.58 kg.hm-2,显著高于B2处理;B3处理下部叶干物质积累量显著高于B2处理,中部叶、上部叶与B2之间无显著差异;B4处理有利于干物质在下部叶中的分配,B2处理有利于干物质在中部叶中的分配。综合分析认为B4为最佳处理。     

Can hydrochar and pyrochar affect nitrogen uptake and biomass allocation in poplars?

Positive effects of pyrochar on soil nutrient availability and plant growth are widely reported in literature. However, few studies have reported effects of hydrochars on plant nutrition. A pot trial was conducted over a period of 2 years to investigate the effect of a pyrochar (AGT) and a hydrochar (HTC) on poplar (Populus × generosa , clone AF8) growth, biomass allocation and nitrogen (N) uptake with special emphasis on the quantification (using an isotopic mass balance approach) of char‐derived nitrogen (CDN) absorbed by plants. We found that both pyrochar and hydrochar positively affected above‐ground biomass productivity in the first year, and biomass and nitrogen (N) allocation over the 2 years by reducing the allocation of resources to fine roots. By the end of the experiment, even though the total N uptake was not affected by char, the CDN was more than 24% of the total N absorbed by HTC‐treated plants compared to a negligible amount absorbed by AGT‐treated ones. Finally, char did not affect nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in the first year of growth, but by the end of the experiment, NUE was higher in the above‐ground biomass of HTC‐treated than in AGT‐ and control poplars.     

Old and New Cultivars of Soya Bean (Glycine max L.) Subjected to Soil Drying Differ in Abscisic Acid Accumulation,Water Relations Characteristics and Yield

Two old (Huangsedadou and Longxixiaohuangpi (LX)) and two new (Jindou 19 (JD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars were used to investigate the influence of soil drying on the abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in leaves, stomatal conductance (g_s), leaf water relations, osmotic adjustment (OA), leaf desiccation tolerance, yield and yield components. The greater ABA accumulation was induced by soil drying, which also inducing g_s decreased at higher soil water contents (SWC) and leaf relative water content (RWC) significantly decreased at lower SWC in the new soya bean cultivars than in the old soya bean cultivars. The soil water threshold between the value at which stomata began to close and the RWC began to decrease was significantly broader in the new cultivars than in the old cultivars. The new cultivars had significantly higher OA and lower lethal leaf water potential than old cultivars when the soil dried. The old cultivars had greater biomass, but lower grain yield than the new cultivars in well‐watered, moderate stress and severe stress conditions. Thus with soil drying, the new soya bean cultivars demonstrated greater adaptation to drought by inducing greater ABA accumulation, stomatal closure at higher SWC, enhanced OA and better water relations, associated with increased leaf desiccation tolerance, greater water use efficiency and higher yield.     

Carbon Fluxes from Different Pools in a Mined Area under Reclamation in Minas Gerais State,Brazil

Despite the benefits of grass cultivation and organic fertilization in mining areas undergoing reclamation, these practices may be associated to CO₂ emissions and soil organic matter (SOM) losses by priming effect. In the present study, we evaluated the changes on SOM pools and C–CO₂ emissions in a bauxite‐mined area under reclamation fertilized with poultry litter (PL) (0, 10, 20, and 40 Mg ha⁻¹) and cultivated with Brachiaria brizantha . Increases of about 3·5 times in the soil labile C were observed 1 year after experiment establishment. High C–CO₂ fluxes and a significant positive priming effect were observed in the presence of B. brizantha , increasing native C mineralization by nearly 4·9 times. Nevertheless, no net soil C loss was detected, probably because of the C inputs derived from B. brizantha , which offset these losses. In fact, the grass increased total organic C by 45% when fertilized with 40 Mg PL ha⁻¹. The data obtained suggest that the cultivation of B. brizantha fertilized with PL can be a promising option for rapid recovery in SOM in areas under reclamation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.