奶牛繁殖疾病的调控

本文综述了奶牛繁殖疾病的发病原因和调控措施，分析认为奶牛的营养状况是影响奶牛繁殖力的重要因素。理想的奶牛管理应做到整个泌乳期始终监测奶牛的体况和奶牛日粮中微量元素的维生素的含量，避免营养素的不平衡而引发的奶牛繁殖障碍，同时应避免奶牛过肥或过瘦。适当补充某些维生素和矿物质十分重要。     

Long-term application of animal slurries to grassland alters soil cation balance

Abstract. Soil samples from a 32-year grassland field experiment were taken from 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm soil depths in February 2002. Plots received annual treatments of unamended control, mineral fertilizer, three rates of pig slurry and three rates of cow slurry, each with six replicates. Samples were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), pH and Olsen P. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was calculated as a sodicity indicator. Mean ESP was generally greater for slurry treatments than the control, with a trend of increasing ESP with application rate. This was particularly marked for cow slurry. At 0–5 cm depth ESP increased from 1.18 in the control to 1.75 at the highest rate of pig slurry and 5.60 at the highest rate of cow slurry. Similar trends were shown for CEC, exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Olsen P. The build-up of soil P due to slurry applications, together with this combination of physical and chemical factors, may increase the risk of P loss to surface waters, particularly from soils receiving high rates of cow slurry.     

茶园生物菌肥的营养效应研究

研究腊状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、K1菌株(胶质芽孢杆菌)(Bacillus mucilaginosus)及K2(胶质芽孢杆菌)、K3(胶质芽孢杆菌),两类细菌在实验室条件下的解磷、解钾作用,通过对特定波长、不同pH值条件下培养液的吸光度来确定单位体积菌数的多少,结果显示,在pH值为5.5~6.5之间的吸光度较高,即这些菌株能在此pH值范围内较好生长。将菌株发酵液与菜籽饼混合,配制成生物菌肥施入茶园土壤具有提高土壤速效养分含量、促进茶树新梢生长、增加茶叶产量的效果。结果表明:所选菌株作为菌种配制茶园生物菌肥,对提高土壤肥力,促进茶树生长,增加茶叶产量均有较好效果。     

鲜牛奶营养评价与FOP标签方案

为指导消费者选购整体营养价值高的鲜牛奶,以及优化鲜牛奶供给结构,本文借鉴瑞典锁孔(Keyhole)标识、较健康选择标志、指引星标签、选择标识、NuVal评分标签的营养素度量法以及评价鲜牛奶的营养成分、信息显示形式等国外实践经验,构建富含营养素食物(NRF)9.3模型,对《中国食物成分表》(第6版第2册)收录的鲜牛奶(全脂,光明鲜牛奶)、鲜牛奶(全脂,现代牧场鲜牛奶)、鲜牛奶(全脂,完达山鲜牛乳)、鲜牛奶(全脂,辉山鲜博士鲜牛奶)、鲜牛奶(全脂,一鸣鲜牛奶)、鲜牛奶(全脂,新希望千岛湖牧场鲜牛奶)6种鲜牛奶营养数据开展营养评价。结果发现,6种鲜牛奶的NRF 9.3值均大于0,每418.4 kJ的鼓励性营养成分含量均高于限制性营养成分含量,但这些鲜牛奶间的营养价值差别不大。虽然6种鲜牛奶适用于评分、评级FOP标签方案,但鲜牛奶仅能以2～3星级展示,不及评分的区分度高,更适合采用评分型方案。     

母乳活性成分对婴儿免疫健康的影响研究进展

母乳被公认为婴儿营养的“黄金”标准和婴儿的最佳食物,由于母乳中多种生物活性成分的存在,使其为婴幼儿提供除营养外的其他益处,如免疫保护。本文综述母乳活性成分乳铁蛋白、母乳低聚糖、核苷酸、1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯和益生菌对婴儿免疫健康的影响,同时对市售11个产品的婴儿配方乳粉可选择性成分进行分析,为婴儿配方乳粉可选择性成分的选择提供理论依据。     

营养限制对水貂补偿生长的影响

选取55只健康、体重相近的生长期水貂,随机分成5组,每组11只,进行了为期90d的试验。前50d饲喂基础日粮和基础日粮中的玉米粉分别用8．88％、17．77％、26．65％、35．53％的葡萄糖代替,同时添加适量的玉米蛋白粉制备成的5种等氮日粮。然后,各组均饲喂同样的鲜料。试验期间,每10d测1次体重,并记录,以研究营养限制对生长期水貂补偿生长的影响。试验结果表明：恢复常规饲喂后所有水貂体重都迅速增长,但是差异不显著（P〉0．05）。营养限制程度较重的第5组在补偿生长阶段体重增长较快,且超过限制程度较轻的组。在补偿生长后期,第Ⅳ、Ⅴ组的特定生长率较体重低的组显著下降（P〈0．05）。     

不同水平铜对小鼠营养与免疫功能的影响

试验选用19～20日龄昆明普通级小鼠108只,低铜饲养20d后,随机分成3组,每组设3个重复,每重复4只。1组饲喂以大豆分离蛋白-玉米淀粉为主的基础饲粮作为对照;2、3组饲粮中分别加入4.5mg/kg和45mg/kg的硫酸铜以铜计,测定小鼠组织器官中铜浓度及部分免疫学指标,以研究不同水平铜对小鼠营养和免疫功能的影响。     

假地豆响应缺磷胁迫的代谢衍生物分析

为探究假地豆(Desmodium heterocarpon)对缺磷胁迫的生理和代谢响应,本研究通过水培试验,分析了正常供磷(+P处理)和缺磷(-P处理)对假地豆生长及代谢物积累的影响。结果表明：缺磷胁迫降低了假地豆地上部干重和磷含量,但促进了根系生长。随后,代谢组共检测到假地豆叶片和根系的267个代谢物,可被分为12类。其中,叶片和根系的缺磷胁迫差异累积代谢物(DAMs)均为79个。缺磷处理导致假地豆叶片和根系的原花青素、槲皮素及其衍生物的积累显著增加,而2′-脱氧腺苷5′-单磷酸(dAMP)的积累显著减少。此外,缺磷处理使根系的8个有机酸和4个糖及醇类的积累显著增加。综上,假地豆通过促进根系生长和调整代谢物积累来提高对缺磷胁迫的适应性。本研究将为进一步解析假地豆适应缺磷胁迫的机理提供理论参考。     

高寒牧区气候与营养因素对细毛羊体重影响的研究

在祁连山海拔3 000 m的高寒牧区进行了系统研究,初步探明了甘肃高山细毛羊在自然放牧条件下年内体重降升循环的临界期限。认为气温和放牧草地牧草数量和营养含量是影响细毛羊体重降升循环的主要因子,并对其与细毛羊体重之间的变化规律进行了研究。提出了高寒牧区细毛羊最佳的补饲期和出栏时期,为生产实践提供了理论依据。     

Nutritional interventions to prevent and rear low‐birthweight piglets

Selection for hyperprolific sows, as a means of increasing litter size and profit, has resulted in an increased number of low‐birthweight (LBW) piglets. These LBW piglets might suffer from increased morbidity and mortality during the early neonatal period. In addition, they show reduced growth performance, meat and carcass quality, which leads to an important economic loss for the farmer in the post‐natal period. Therefore, nutritional interventions can be undertaken to prevent and rear LBW piglets. In the first part of this review, the preventive strategies at the sow level will be discussed. Approaches in preventing LBW piglets are to optimize the intrauterine environment via supplementing the sow during gestation. In the second part of this review, the interventions at the piglet level will be described. To increase the survival and growth rates of LBW piglets, one must focus on ensuring adequate colostrum and milk intake. Interventions include supplementing piglets, split nursing, split weaning and cross‐fostering. Additional interventions increasing the probability of optimal post‐natal food intake will be discussed.