浙江省水土流失的时空动态研究

浙江省大量基础设施建设项目的开工建设,在不同地区和不同建设工期表现出的水土流失特征各不相同,且不同的土地利用方式和利用强度造成的水土流失类型和规律也不相同,充分体现了经济发达地区不同于过去和经济相对落后地区的水土流失特征。经济发达地区的水土流失特征可归纳为:水土流失面积小、强度大,强度水土流失空间分布分散、时间集中性强、动态变化速度快,水土流失治理效益显著,人为诱发水土流失突出。出现上述特征的原因可概括为:开发建设项目不同工期水土保持措施效益差异是强度水土流失面积波动的原因之一,经济开发和劳动力转型是水土流失面积减少的原因之一,农业经济林开发建设是导致林地水土流失比重大的原因之一。提出了今后水土保持工作应采取的新措施和重点治理的新方向。     

Conservation planning with dynamic threats: The role of spatial design and priority setting for species’ persistence

Conservation actions frequently need to be scheduled because both funding and implementation capacity are limited. Two approaches to scheduling are possible. Maximizing gain (MaxGain) which attempts to maximize representation with protected areas, or minimizing loss (MinLoss) which attempts to minimize total loss both inside and outside protected areas. Conservation planners also choose between setting priorities based solely on biodiversity pattern and considering surrogates for biodiversity processes such as connectivity. We address both biodiversity processes and habitat loss in a scheduling framework by comparing four different prioritization strategies defined by MaxGain and MinLoss applied to biodiversity patterns and processes to solve the dynamic area selection problem with variable area cost. We compared each strategy by estimating predicted species’ occurrences within a landscape after 20 years of incremental reservation and loss of habitat. By incorporating species-specific responses to fragmentation, we found that you could improve the performance of conservation strategies. MinLoss was the best approach for conserving both biodiversity pattern and process. However, due to the spatial autocorrelation of habitat loss, reserves selected with this approach tended to become more isolated through time; losing up to 40% of occurrences of edge-sensitive species. Additionally, because of the positive correlation between threats and land cost, reserve networks designed with this approach contained smaller and fewer reserves compared with networks designed with a MaxGain approach. We suggest a possible way to account for the negative effect of fragmentation by considering both local and neighbourhood vulnerability to habitat loss.     

培养温度和时间对磷肥在黑土中转化的影响

采用室内培养试验研究了培养温度和时间对磷酸二氢钙(MCP)、磷酸二氢铵(MAP)和磷酸氢二铵(DAP)在黑土中转化的影响。结果表明：温度升高增加了黑土对肥料磷的固定,且有利于Al-P的形成;培养50 d后,温度由5℃升至25℃时, We-P在添加MAP和MCP处理的土壤中占外源磷的比例分别降低51%和42%,同时Al-P分别上升110%和45%;在培养初期,温度对Ca8-P和Fe-P形成的影响不显著,但随培养时间的延长,差异显著。25℃时,培养时间对Ca2-P和Ca8-P形成的影响较小;Al-P在培养初期形成速率很快,随培养时间的延长,形成速率下降,而Fe-P的形成速率与之相反;Al-P的增加量与We-P的下降量呈显著线性正相关。与MAP和MCP相比,DAP更适合在黑土中施用。     

脲酶抑制剂NBPT对鸡粪好氧堆肥的保氮效果

利用堆肥反应器, 以鸡粪和蘑菇渣为原料进行好氧堆肥, 在堆肥中添加不同浓度的脲酶抑制剂NBPT, 研究其对堆肥氮素转化的影响及保氮效果。结果表明: 添加不同浓度的脲酶抑制剂NBPT对堆肥进程中温度无显著影响, 在堆肥的高温阶段可有效控制堆料pH的升高, 在堆肥高温前期的0~10 d可有效降低堆肥的脲酶活性, 在堆肥中后期10~25 d明显提高全氮含量。堆肥25 d后, 添加0.04 mL·kg^-1、0.08 mL·kg^-1、0.16 mL·kg^-1脲酶抑制剂NBPT分别比CK减少氮素损失6.61%、4.89%和13.51%。堆肥过程中, 堆料铵态氮含量呈升-降-升-降的双峰趋势, 且大部分时间CK处理的铵态氮含量高于添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT处理, 且CK处理铵态氮的两次升高速度均高于添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT处理。在堆肥的升温和高温期硝态氮含量不稳定, 但堆肥结束时, 各添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT处理的硝态氮含量显著高于CK处理。本试验结果表明, 在堆肥过程中添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT可延缓鸡粪中的尿素态氮向铵态氮的转化, 增加堆肥成品中的硝态氮含量。在畜禽粪好氧堆肥中加入脲酶抑制NBPT可起到一定的保氮作用。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的水土流失监测方法研究

以葫芦岛市为研究对象,根据区域土地利用类型和水土流失影响因子建立水土流失分级指标,运用RS和GIS技术获取水土流失影响因子信息并进行空间叠加分析,实现对区域水土流失状况进行调查、分析和管理,具有快速、准确、客观、经济等优点。该研究方法能够及时掌握区域水土流失现状、水土保持治理状况、水土流失动态变化等信息,为建立水土流失动态监测数据库、实现对水土流失进行动态监测奠定基础,从而有效地促进水土保持工作的顺利开展。     

The effect of low-molecular-weight organic acids and inorganic phosphorus concentration on the determination of soil phosphorus by the molybdenum blue reaction

Low-molecular-weight organic acids play an important role in the mobilization of soil phosphorus (P). The molybdate blue colorimetric method, based on the formation of P molybdenum blue compound, is commonly used for analysis of phosphate in soil and environmental samples. However, some organic acids can act as a ligand to bond with molybdenum acid, which subsequently interfere with the colorimetric reaction. The recoveries of P were inhibited by the addition of oxalic (>2 mM) and citric acids (>3 mM) both in standard P solutions and soil extracts, but formic and maleic acids did not interfere with the P determination. The inhibition of oxalic and citric acids on P recovery remained even at higher level of P (up to 100 μg P 100 ml⁻¹) though such interferences decreased by increasing P concentration. Comparison between oxalic and citric acids revealed the more pronounced interference by the addition of oxalic acid. The results suggested that the interference of organic acids with P determination is related to the types of organic acids and the ratio of organic acid ligands to P anions in the solutions. Thus, analysis of P using the molybdate blue colorimetric method should be undertaken cautiously in the presence of relative strong ligands like oxalic and citric acids.     

上海郊区中心小城镇半城市化特征及其对水环境的影响实例研究

中心小城镇作为上海市都市城镇构造体系的一级,对于区域城市化进程及产业区位调整具有极为重要的意义,同时中心小城镇具有典型的半城市化特征,这是导致中心小城镇成为该区域新的环境污染中心的重要原因。以青浦区为例分析半城市化的具体表现,以枫泾镇镇区内河流水体及沉积物总磷区域及季节特征揭示由半城市化问题所带来的水体污染的严重性。夏季镇区河流所有样点均遭受严重的磷污染,而且区域内差异性大,小城镇河流磷污染严重于其它类型的水体磷污染,这一特征较好地反映了中心小城镇半城市化所带来环境问题的突出性。     

坡耕地径流沉积物中磷素的富集特征及其生物有效性

通过模拟降雨试验和回归分析,研究了洋河流域坡耕地径流沉积物对磷素的富集特征及其生物有效性,结果表明:洋河流域坡耕地径流沉积物对磷有明显的富集作用,富集系数在1.33～1.43之间;沉积物中磷的形态以无机磷为主,平均占全磷的75.23%,对不同结合态的磷富集程度有明显差异;不同土壤条件下,径流沉积物中各结合态磷的生物有效性不同,Fe-P对沉积物中NaOH-P的贡献率最大.     

磷营养胁迫对冬小麦冠层光谱的影响

因为磷素重要的营养作用,其胁迫的存在影响冬小麦的正常生长。借助地面遥感仪器获取冬小麦在磷营养胁迫下的多个生育期里的冠层光谱数据并对其影响特征进行了分析。利用因子分析方法提取主因子与含有丰富信息的光谱变量,并结合极显著水平(0.01)的均值比较与检验过程考察了冬小麦冠层光谱,确定了对磷营养胁迫敏感的光谱波段:760nm,810nm和870nm与950nm,并在此基础上结合冬小麦对磷素的吸收利用特征选定了运用冠层光谱敏感波段反射率探测和区分磷营养胁迫的关键生育期:拔节期。结果同时表明,对冬小麦磷营养胁迫而言,近红外区间(760nm~1100nm)光谱反射特征的区分能力要强于可见光区。本文同时指出了研究与发展利用遥感技术进行营养胁迫监测的方法和着重点。     

镉胁迫下磷供应对芥菜生长和镉吸收的影响

采用土培和水培试验,研究了镉胁迫下磷供应对芥菜生长和镉吸收的影响。土培试验表明:施磷可以提高镉胁迫下小叶芥菜和雪里蕻种子的发芽率,提高小叶芥菜的生物量,而对雪里蕻生物量影响不大;施磷可以减少土壤中有效态镉含量,明显降低植株体内镉含量;植株体内的全磷含量随外加磷浓度的提高而显著增加。水培结果表明:镉胁迫下,磷供应对雪里蕻植株生物量影响不大;随着磷供应水平的增加,植株体内的全磷含量明显增加,但植株地上部镉、锌、钙、镁、锰等元素的含量明显降低。