近年来新疆第二产业内部结构的时空变化特征分析——基于分行业就业人口分布的实证研究

新疆地域广阔,受各地州市自然基础、资源禀赋、历史文化等条件差异的影响,第二产业内部各行业地区差异较大,就业人口分布也不均衡。本文利用2000-2011年新疆分行业就业人口统计数据、行政区划面积和行政区划图等资料,采用地统计学、时间序列分析方法,结合GIS、Geoda空间分析工具,对新疆第二产业内部的空间结构特征和时序变化特征进行了分析,结果表明：①新疆第二产业内部各行业具有独特的形态分布。2011年新疆第二产业内部采矿业,制造业,电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业,建筑业分别呈现出两个独立中心-外围结构、两个“C” 型结构、“一轴两翼”结构、和“一”字型结构;②2011年新疆第二产业内部存在空间集聚现象,行业和地域分布不同。阿克苏地区、喀什地区是采矿业、制造业显著聚集的区域,阿克苏地区是电力行业显著聚集的地区。③2000-2011年期间新疆第二产业内部不同行业之间比重有较大的差别,采矿业和电力行业对第二产业内部结构的变动起着重要的作用。     

CALCA 基因遗传变异及其与肉质性状关联分析

旨在分析早胜牛及其杂交牛CALCA基因第4外显子的多态性及其与肉质性状的相关性,发现与肉质性状相关的分子标记,为加快肉牛选育进程提供参考。利用PCR-SSCP 技术对早胜牛、南杂牛、秦杂牛和西杂牛共362个个体的CALCA基因第4外显子进行了遗传变异检测,并运用SPSS 17．0软件对早胜牛（平凉类群）遗传变异与经济性状关联性进行了分析。结果表明,CALCA基因第4外显子存在2个突变位点T3237 A和G3289 A,并检测到AA和AB 2种基因型。相关性分析表明,CALCA基因突变位点与剪切力、眼肌面积、热胴体重和熟肉率显著相关（P＜0．05）,AA基因型个体剪切力、热胴体重和熟肉率显著高于AB基因型个体（ P＜0．05）,而AB基因型个体眼肌面积显著高于AA基因型个体（P＜0．05）,其他性状在各基因型间差异不显著。因此,初步推测CALCA 基因的突变位点可以作为评定早胜牛肉质性状的遗传标记。     

山西芝麻种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解山西芝麻种质资源遗传多样性,本研究对189份山西芝麻种质资源的10个质量性状和8个数量性状进行遗传多样性分析和聚类分析。结果表明：189份山西芝麻种质资源的表型性状存在较大的遗传差异,质量性状以主茎茸毛量的遗传多样性指数最高,为1.15,以蒴果棱数的变异系数最高,为63.88%;数量性状以节间长度的遗传多样性指数最高,为2.09,以单株产量的变异系数最高,为47.66%;通过聚类分析,将189份山西芝麻种质资源分为4个类群,类群Ⅰ可作为选育八棱、高秆品种的亲本材料,类群Ⅱ为矮秆、短节间特异材料,类群Ⅲ为高产选育目标材料,综合性状较好,可直接作为优异亲本加以利用,类群Ⅳ包含一批单花、高产特异材料。     

苦荞粒形相关性状的遗传分析

利用籽粒大小差异较大的2个苦荞品种的杂交后代开展了与产量具有密切关系的粒形相关性状的遗传规律及其性状间的相关性分析。结果表明,F₂和F₃群体的粒长、粒宽、长宽比和千粒重表现值范围都超过亲本的表现值,并且粒长、粒宽和长宽比的变异系数均小于10%,千粒重的变异系数大于10%。另外,粒长、粒宽、长宽比和千粒重的加性方差均大于显性方差,广义遗传率在F₂和F₃代中分别为0.77~0.82和0.82~0.85,固定遗传率都达到0.80以上。粒形性状间的相关性分析结果表明,粒长、粒宽和千粒重相互间都存在极显著的正相关,粒宽和千粒重,粒长和长宽比的遗传相关系数较大。以上结果表明,具有较高遗传率的粒形相关性状可以在后代早期进行选择,但由于这些性状是数量性状而且受多个基因的控制,因此建议继续繁殖后代到基因型稳定,同时考虑性状间的相关性选拔最为有效。     

水稻芽期耐冷性与其他耐冷性状的相关关系

以籼粳交“密阳23/吉冷1号”的F3系统群为试材,探讨了水稻芽期耐冷性遗传变异以及与其他耐冷性状的相关关系。结果表明,F3系统群的芽期耐冷性表现为近似正态的连续分布,是由多基因控制的数量性状。在自然低温或冷水处理下水稻幼苗生长能力、抽穗天数、穗抽出度、孕穗期耐冷性(低温下结实率)和成熟期综合耐冷性等性状均与芽     

Grain dormancy in fixed lines of white-grained wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) grown under controlled environmental conditions

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can be a significant problem, causing deleterious effects on grain quality. However, the adverse impacts of PHS can be reduced by introgressing genes controlling grain dormancy into white-grained bread wheat. Screening for grain dormancy typically involves germination testing of harvest-ripe grain grown in a glasshouse or field. However, the more uniform environmental conditions provided by temperature controlled glasshouses (i.e. controlled environmental conditions—CEC) may provide significant benefits for the assessment of grain dormancy. In this study, the dormancy phenotype of grain grown under CEC incorporating an extended photoperiod, was compared with 2 years of data from field grown material. Four dormant double haploid lines (derived from SW95-50213 and AUS1408) and two locally adapted non-dormant cultivars EGA Gregory and EGA Wills were compared in three replicated experiments grown under CEC (22 ± 3°C and 24 h photoperiod). The germination response of harvest-ripe grain was examined to assess the expression of grain dormancy. Two measures of germination, the predicted time to 50% germination (G ₅₀) and a weighted germination index, both clearly differentiated dormant and non-dormant lines grown under CEC. In addition, levels of grain dormancy were similar to field-grown plants. These results demonstrated that CEC with an extended photoperiod can be used for rapid and reliable characterisation of grain dormancy in fixed lines of bread wheat.     

Effects of best management practices on dry matter production and fruit production efficiency of oil palm

Enhancing dry matter production with higher partitioning to fruit bunches is important for sustainable intensification of oil palm. A series of best management practices including site-specific nutrient management, canopy management, and harvesting has been developed for oil palm plantations. However, the effects of these practices on dry matter production and partitioning, and how the effects vary with climatic and soil conditions of plantation sites, remain largely unknown. We established a four-year field trial including 30 paired commercial blocks across Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia. The paired treatments included site-specific best management practices, and standard estate practices as the control. The annual production of aboveground dry matter was 30.0 ± 0.5 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (mean ± se) under best management practices, higher than 28.8 ± 0.5 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ under standard estate practices. The bunch index, an indicator of the fruit production efficiency, increased by 12% under best management practices compared to standard estate practices. Partitioning of dry matter to the fronds decreased by 8% under best management practices, compared to standard estate practices. The positive effect of best management practices on the annual production of total aboveground dry matter was stronger in the plantation site with higher annual rainfall. These results are useful for optimizing management practices to improve sustainable intensification of oil palm.     

新疆及周边地区糜子种质资源表型多样性分析

收集新疆及周边14个地区糜子种质资源,分析农艺性状的遗传多样性,同时运用主成分分析和聚类分析方法对其进行综合评价。结果表明,不同糜子种质资源表型性状变异丰富,变异系数为12.37%~91.40%;遗传多样性指数较大,变幅在0.410~0.809;主成分分析结果表明,前5个主成分代表了14份糜子资源的表型性状80.020%的信息,其贡献率分别为36.414%、20.713%、8.546%、7.476%、6.870%。聚类分析结果表明,在遗传距离为12.5时,14个地区糜子材料被聚为2类,第1类以中国新疆北部和哈萨克斯坦糜子为主,这一类为矮秆、单株产量高、叶片短而窄,可作为高产选育目标的亲本材料;第2类以中国陕西、甘肃和新疆南部糜子聚为一类,此类为高秆、茎秆干重高、叶片长而宽,可作为饲草材料。     

浙江红麻资源表型性状的遗传多样性分析

为充分了解和有效利用已收集的红麻资源,以22份浙江红麻种质为材料,采用随机区组试验,2年重复,对其16个产量和品质性状进行系统调查和分析。结果表明,22份浙江红麻资源变异系数范围为3.49%~20.10%,以纤维强力变异系数最大。主成分分析表明,前3个主成分（分别为单株产量因子、群体产量因子和纤维品质因子）提供了原始性状80.753%的信息;欧氏距离为10时,可把22份浙江红麻资源分为3类,其中I类为高产型,Ⅱ类具有高纤维强力特征;隶属函数法分析显示,浙1-96、航优1号、ZHKX-01和浙4438等I类资源排名靠前,具备选育高产种质的潜力。     

Determining reference values for stem water potential and maximum daily trunk shrinkage in young apple trees based on plant responses to water deficit

The use of plant water status indicators such as midday stem water potential (Ψ_stem) and maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) in irrigation scheduling requires the definition of a reference or threshold value, beyond which irrigation is necessary. These reference values are generally obtained by comparing the seasonal variation of plant water status with the environmental conditions under non-limiting soil water availability. In the present study an alternative approach is presented based on the plant’s response to water deficit. A drought experiment was carried out on two apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Cox Orange’) in which both indicators (Ψ_stem and MDS) were related to several plant physiological responses. Sap flow rates, maximum net photosynthesis rates and daily radial stem growth (DRSG) (derived from continuous stem diameter variation measurements) were considered in the assessment of the approach. Depending on the chosen plant response in relationship with Ψ_stem or MDS, the obtained reference values varied between −1.04 and −1.46 MPa for Ψ_stem and between 0.17 and 0.28 mm for MDS. In both cultivars, the approach based on maximum photosynthesis rates resulted in less negative Ψ_stem values and smaller MDS values, compared to the approaches with sap flow and daily radial stem growth. In the well-irrigated apple trees, day-to-day variations in midday Ψ_stem and MDS were related to the evaporative demand. These variations were more substantial for MDS than for midday Ψ_stem.