香水柠檬×白花柠檬群体子代表型及遗传变异分析

【目的】利用简单重复序列标记(simple sequence repeats,SSR)和目标起始密码子多态性(start codon targeted polymorphism,SCoT)标记和表型性状分析探究香水柠檬×白花柠檬群体子代遗传多样性,为后续柠檬遗传连锁图谱构建、数量性状座位(quantitative trait locus,QTL)定位及遗传育种提供参考。【方法】对香水柠檬×白花柠檬群体子代的叶、花和果等15个表型性状进行观测描述,并结合SSR和SCoT标记,通过遗传多样性参数、相关性分析和非加权组平均法(unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means,UPGMA)聚类分析等方法进行遗传多样性分析。【结果】香水柠檬×白花柠檬群体子代表型性状遗传变异丰富,变异系数为9.76%~45.37%,其中单果质量变异系数最大;叶形指数、果形指数、单果质量等13个性状在杂种后代中符合数量性状遗传特点,各性状中均存在一定比例超亲个体;嫩叶色和花色性状分离广泛;叶、花和果实之间存在多对性状呈极显著或显著相关。20对SSR标记扩增出57个等位基因位点,多态性为100%;11个SCoT标记共检测到49个等位基因位点,多态性位点35个,占71.43%。基于SSR和SCoT标记得到的基因多样性指数均值分别为0.460 9和0.158 3,这2个标记在杂种群体间的Nei’s遗传距离均值分别为0.247 7和0.176 2;聚类结果显示,在遗传距离小于0.1时,2个标记均表现出较少杂种后代与亲本聚为一组,单株间变异丰富;Mantel检验显示,SSR和SCoT标记在杂种群体的遗传距离相关性不显著(r=0.302 1,p=1.000)。【结论】香水柠檬×白花柠檬群体子代表型性状分离广泛,杂种群体内存在一定的基因重组,遗传多样性丰富。     

Foliar morphological variation in the white oak Quercus rugosa Née (Fagaceae) along a latitudinal gradient in Mexico: Potential implications for management and conservation

Quercus rugosa Nee (section Quercus) has a distribution from the southern United States to Honduras. This study characterized leaf variation across the whole distribution of the species in Mexico. Ten foliar morphometric characters were scored in each of 241 individuals from 25 localities. A principal component analysis resolved four principal components (PCs) that explained 76.4% of the total variation. A nested analysis of variance revealed significant differences among populations (29.2% average contribution to total variance for the four PCs) and among-trees within populations (39.2%), while 31.6% was due to intra-individual variation. For the first PC (related to leaf size), 52.1% resulted from among population differences. This variation was negatively correlated with latitude (r = −0.86; P < 0.0001), indicating a steep clinal reduction in leaf size from south to north. Mean annual precipitation and an annual aridity index also significantly decreased and increased with latitude, respectively. It is suggested that the morphological cline is the result of plastic and/or adaptive responses to environmental conditions, and indicative of further ecophysiological latitudinal differences among Q. rugosa populations. Additionally, we estimated the magnitude of the least significant difference among populations for the first PC and translated it into a delineation of six latitudinal zones (each with a width of 2°30′), to be considered as preliminary zones for the movement of Q. rugosa seeds with management and conservation purposes, including management in response to global warming.     

水稻芽期耐冷性与其他耐冷性状的相关关系

以籼粳交“密阳23/吉冷1号”的F3系统群为试材,探讨了水稻芽期耐冷性遗传变异以及与其他耐冷性状的相关关系。结果表明,F3系统群的芽期耐冷性表现为近似正态的连续分布,是由多基因控制的数量性状。在自然低温或冷水处理下水稻幼苗生长能力、抽穗天数、穗抽出度、孕穗期耐冷性(低温下结实率)和成熟期综合耐冷性等性状均与芽     

中国河北省和日本东北部天然野生大豆群体性状调查比较

收集我国河北省１８个天然野生大豆群体４６１份样本和日本东北部４１个天然群体１４４７份样本,调查比较了河北省和日本东北部野生豆天然群体的百粒重、种皮色、花色和胰蛋白酶抑制剂蛋白电泳形态等性状的表型组成。河北天然群体的ＫＴＩ蛋白形态Ｔｉａ频率是８５．５％,Ｔｉｂ频率为１４．５％;６０％以上的群体是Ｔｉａ和Ｔｉｂ混合群体。河北东北部群体都是混合群体,白洋淀湖区群体是Ｔｉａ单态的。表型多样性值显示河北东北部平原和西南半山区有较高的多样性。日本东北部天然群体ＫＴＩ有９６．５％Ｔｉａ和３．５％Ｔｉｂ频率,２２％的群体是Ｔｉａ和Ｔｉｂ混合群体,群体形态组成单一,形态多样性值低于我国河北省群体。     

基于表型和基因型的藜麦种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解和掌握青海省引进和收集藜麦种质资源的遗传背景和多样性,本研究选择11个表型性状和221对SSR引物对114份藜麦种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,114份藜麦种质资源的11个表型性状差异极显著（P＜0.01）,变异系数范围为4.57%~87.79%,主穗直径的变异最大（87.79%）,籽粒直径的变异最小（4.57%）;遗传多样性指数范围为0.47~2.29,单株产量的遗传多样性指数最大（2.29）,茎秆长最小（0.47）。46对多态性较好的SSR引物扩增出165条多态性条带,每对引物的平均等位变异数为3.59,观测等位基因（Na）平均值为1.65,有效等位基因（Ne）平均值为1.50,Shannon’s信息指数（I）和Nei’s基因多样性指数（He）平均值分别为0.39和0.27,平均多态性比率为64.35%。通过聚类分析发现,114份藜麦种质基于表型性状和SSR分子标记的聚类结果存在一定的相似和差异,来源地相同的种质被分到了不同的类群,来源地不同的种质被分到了同一类或单独聚成一类,说明参试藜麦种质资源的表型性状和分子遗传信息多样性较丰富。     

Phenotypic and genotypic presence of the Yersinia virulence plasmid do not affect the production of enterotoxin YstA by Yersinia enterocolitica strains

The aim of the study was to determine whether the presence of the Yersinia virulence plasmid could affect the production of enterotoxin YstA by Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from pigs which are the main source of infection for humans. The phenotypic features characteristic for the Yersinia virulence plasmid were detected on CRMOX agar in 8 out of 12 strains producing enterotoxin YstA, in 5 out of 12 doubtful strains, and in 11 out of 12 strains not producing YstA. Autoagglutination ability was detected in all 12 Y. enterocolitica strains that were positive in the suckling mice bioassay, in 11 doubtful strains and 10 negative strains. CRMOX+ colonies were generally ystA, myfA, virF and yadA positive, while CRMOX- colonies were only ystA and myfA positive. The amplicons of yadA were not detected in 2 (8.3%) out of 24 CRMOX+ and virF positive strains. The results of this study indicate that the presence of pYV does not affect the enterotoxin-producing ability of Y. enterocolitica strains.     

Performance and fitness traits versus phenotypic appearance in the African Ankole Longhorn cattle: A novel approach to identify selection criteria for indigenous breeds

Ankole cattle are well known for their massive white horns and red coat colour. These characteristics are attributed to centuries of cultural breeding practices. Two experiments with traditional cattle keepers were carried out at a governmental Ankole nucleus farm in south-western Uganda to identify phenotypic characteristics as well as production and fitness traits which are important indigenous selection criteria. Forty one body measurements each were taken from 15 bulls and 35 cows and phenotypic characteristics were described in detail. In the first experiment 12 groups of 6 to 8 cattle keepers were invited to rank several groups of 4–5 animals according to their preference for a breeding bull or cow based on phenotype alone. In the second experiment the ranking was based on phenotype and a hypothetical life history that was randomly assigned to each animal on each day of experiment. The history included milk yield (on own performance for cows and that of the dam for bulls), fertility of the animal and its sire as well as events of East Coast Fever. For analysis, Generalized Multinomial Logit Models were fitted. To compare different models the likelihood-based pseudo R square measure was used. The results indicate that, in the selection of cows, performance and fitness traits are emphasized by the cattle keepers while in the selection of bulls, the phenotypic appearance of the animal plays an important role. Individual fertility followed by milk performance are the main criteria for selecting cows, resistance to East Coast Fever was of highest importance in bulls. In both sexes a dark red coat colour was highly rated. The study indicates that the methodology of preference ranking combining phenotype and a hypothetical life history may provide insight into indigenous selection criteria of stock owners elsewhere.     

寒地不同积温带野生大豆表型性状研究

采用在黑龙江省13个行政区原生境采集和异地繁殖结合的方法,研究了寒地不同积温带野生大豆植株的表型性状及变化规律。结果表明:不同积温带野生大豆表型性状存在差异,各表型性状的变异系数不同,存在多样性丰富和多样性单一的性状。叶片表型性状中叶面积和叶柄长度的多样性最丰富,在第一、三、五积温带采集的野生大豆分别在叶片形状、叶片大小和叶片颜色上的多样性最丰富。根系表型性状中根干重的多样性丰富,根直径多样性较单一,第六积温带根系表型性状较丰富,第一、二积温带采集的野生大豆根系表型性状较单一。在各农艺性状中,百粒重在各积温带群体中的变异极大,多样性最丰富,第二积温带采集的野生大豆百粒重的均值最大,第五积温带的百粒重的均值最小。在活动积温较高地点采集的野生大豆单株荚数、每节荚数、分枝数较多;不同积温带茎长的差异不明显。     

Yield Stability Parameters of Barley under Finnish Conditions

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether it is possible to obtain reliable estimates of yield stability of barley on the basis of single year trials. The stability was analysed by using some of the most common stability parameters. The other objective was to study the influence of variation between locations and years on the yield stability of barley under growing conditions in Finland. Barley breeder's trials of the Agricultural Research Centre of Finland from the years 1987-89 were used as material in this study. In each of these years six trials from different parts of Finland and six genotypes were analysed. Four parameters were used in analysis of yield stability: b _i (Finlay & Wilkinson, 1963), s ² d _i (Eberhart & Russell, 1966), r ² _i (Pinthus, 1973) and environmental variance s ² _i. Each parameter was calculated from single- and multi-year results. The multi-year results were considered as reliable data with which to estimate yield stability. The reliability of the stability parameters was tested by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between single- and multi-year stability values of each parameter. Although the variation between years was highly significant, there was no interaction between genotypes and years. In two experimental years genotype × location interaction was highly significant, and on the basis of this study, the genotype × location interaction seems to be a more important factor than genotype × year interaction in barley breeding for Finnish conditions. However, a series of three years may not be sufficient for indicating genotypes × years interactions. In this study two stability parameters, b _i and s ² _i, gave a reliable estimate of yield stability on the basis of single-year trials.     

苦荞种质资源表型性状的遗传多样性分析

为了解苦荞产量与农艺性状之间的关系,以26个苦荞种质资源为材料进行主要表型性状与产量的统计分析。结果表明：26个苦荞种质资源存在丰富的遗传变异,不同性状之间变异系数差异较大,变异系数最大的是主茎分枝数,为33.30%,变异系数最小的是生育日数,为6.13%。相关性分析表明,苦荞各性状之间存在不同程度的相关性,且大多数性状与产量呈正相关关系。主成分分析提取了前3个主成分,其累计贡献率达到89.55%。聚类分析将26个苦荞种质资源分为3类,第Ⅰ类综合性状不突出,第Ⅱ类属于高产型,第Ⅲ类属于矮秆型。