芥蓝产量性状QTL定位

芥蓝的丰产性状是育种的重要目标性状,由于控制芥蓝的产量性状均为数量性状,常规育种进展缓慢,基因定位及分子标记辅助育种可提高选择效率。本研究利用2个产量差异大的芥蓝自交不亲和系冬强♀（产量高）与Lb07M（产量低）为亲本,构建F2分离群体,F2自交获得F2 ∶ 3家系,对产量性状进行了QTL定位分析。对F2 ∶ 3家系中单株重、单薹重、株高、薹高、叶长、叶宽、薹粗进行了调查,利用已构建首张芥蓝变种内的SSR和SRAP遗传图谱,结合田间性状调查数据,用QTLNetwork2.0软件通过混合线性复合区间作图法（MCIM）对7个产量性状进行了QTL分析。在10个连锁群中共定位了8个QTL位点,其中控制单薹重、单株重、株高、叶宽的QTL各1个,分别解释表型变异的18.4％,17.8％,19.1％,15.1％;控制主薹高和叶长的QTL各为2个,共解释表型变异的23.8％、22.1％。芥蓝产量性状的QTL定位结果可为分子标记辅助选择高产品种提供参考。     

Foliar morphological variation in the white oak Quercus rugosa Née (Fagaceae) along a latitudinal gradient in Mexico: Potential implications for management and conservation

Quercus rugosa Nee (section Quercus) has a distribution from the southern United States to Honduras. This study characterized leaf variation across the whole distribution of the species in Mexico. Ten foliar morphometric characters were scored in each of 241 individuals from 25 localities. A principal component analysis resolved four principal components (PCs) that explained 76.4% of the total variation. A nested analysis of variance revealed significant differences among populations (29.2% average contribution to total variance for the four PCs) and among-trees within populations (39.2%), while 31.6% was due to intra-individual variation. For the first PC (related to leaf size), 52.1% resulted from among population differences. This variation was negatively correlated with latitude (r = −0.86; P < 0.0001), indicating a steep clinal reduction in leaf size from south to north. Mean annual precipitation and an annual aridity index also significantly decreased and increased with latitude, respectively. It is suggested that the morphological cline is the result of plastic and/or adaptive responses to environmental conditions, and indicative of further ecophysiological latitudinal differences among Q. rugosa populations. Additionally, we estimated the magnitude of the least significant difference among populations for the first PC and translated it into a delineation of six latitudinal zones (each with a width of 2°30′), to be considered as preliminary zones for the movement of Q. rugosa seeds with management and conservation purposes, including management in response to global warming.     

Phenotypic variation in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 does not influence plant growth promotion effects

The Azospirillum genus comprises free-living, plant growth-promoting, nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in the rhizosphere of plant roots. Azospirilla are able to promote plant growth mainly through improvement of root development. Bacterial surface components, such as extracellular polysaccharides and proteins, are involved in root colonization. Phase variation – or phenotypic variation – is one of the mechanisms by which microorganisms adapt to environmental changes. This phenomenon is characterized by the presence of a sub-population of the bacteria presenting a different phenotype relative to the major population. In this study we characterized phenotypic variation of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. When plated on solid media, some A. brasilense colonies were shown to possess a much more mucoid morphology, producing 7.5–8 times more exopolysaccharide with different monosaccharide composition than the parental strain Sp7. The rate of appearance of this kind of variant colonies was 1 in 5000, in agreement with the accepted rate for the phase/phenotypic variation phenomenon. The variants were significantly more resistant to heat and UV-exposure than the parental strain and displayed genomic changes as seen by the different band patterns following ERIC-PCR, BOX-PCR and RAPD analyses. In plant inoculation experiments under greenhouse conditions, with maize, wheat, soybean and peanuts, the EPS overproducing variants performed as similar as the parental strain. Therefore, EPS overproduction did not confer an apparent advantage to A. brasilense in terms of induction of plant growth promotion.     

聚碳酸酯模拟材料塑性变形的破裂预测

根据静水应力分析量能够抑制材料延性破坏的重要特性从,能量角度提出了聚碳酸酯模拟材料塑性变形的破裂准则,并进行了试验验证。该准则可用于聚碳酸酯类模拟材料塑性变形的破裂预测,有利于金属塑怀成形光塑性物理模拟试验的开发。     

Variation in primitive landraces of common bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus vulgaris</Emphasis> L.) from Argentina

The phenotypic variation found in four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) complex primitive landraces, among a group of accessions collected in Northwestern Argentina in several missions is described, with particular attention to the wide diversity found in some small areas. It is presented a hypothesis about the maintenance of such diversity in bean mixtures or complex primitive landraces that grow close to their wild relative. Wide diversity regarding to seed type and plant characteristics was displayed by the landraces MCM-SV (composed of 11 lines), MCM-292 (14 lines), MCM-298 (5 lines) and VAV-3716 (14 lines). Food uses of dry seed and fresh pod seemed to be more relevant than the aesthetic use although all of them were presumably considered by humans for centuries resulting in the current phenotypes of these complex primitive landraces. Additionally, some weedy types (intermediate between wild and domesticated types) were detected in the landracesMCM-292 and MCM-298. The four complex landraces described consisted of highly diverse mixtures and they could play a role in breeding to enlarge the genetic basis of domesticated bean varieties belonging to the Andean gene pool.     

基于表型性状的甜瓜核心种质构建

【目的】以国家西瓜甜瓜种质资源中期库中的1 200份甜瓜种质为材料,根据19个表型性状的遗传变异,构建甜瓜核心种质。【方法】原始种质按照地理来源分为22组,各组种质根据表型数据分别进行聚类,按照不同比例(10%、15%、20%、25%和30%)取样,构建候选核心种质。通过比较候选样本的遗传多样性指数、表型保留比例、表型频率方差、变异系数等4个检验指标,最终确定甜瓜核心种质,并对其代表性进行评价。【结果】通过比较不同的取样比例,初步获得5个候选样本,其中采用15%的取样比例构建的核心种质包含189份甜瓜种质,其4个检验指标均达到最佳水平,确定为最终的核心种质。此核心种质各性状的特征值和表型频率分布与原始种质基本一致。【结论】研究所构建的甜瓜核心种质具有较好的代表性和遗传多样性,可作为原始种质代表性样本。     

Grain dormancy in fixed lines of white-grained wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) grown under controlled environmental conditions

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can be a significant problem, causing deleterious effects on grain quality. However, the adverse impacts of PHS can be reduced by introgressing genes controlling grain dormancy into white-grained bread wheat. Screening for grain dormancy typically involves germination testing of harvest-ripe grain grown in a glasshouse or field. However, the more uniform environmental conditions provided by temperature controlled glasshouses (i.e. controlled environmental conditions—CEC) may provide significant benefits for the assessment of grain dormancy. In this study, the dormancy phenotype of grain grown under CEC incorporating an extended photoperiod, was compared with 2 years of data from field grown material. Four dormant double haploid lines (derived from SW95-50213 and AUS1408) and two locally adapted non-dormant cultivars EGA Gregory and EGA Wills were compared in three replicated experiments grown under CEC (22 ± 3°C and 24 h photoperiod). The germination response of harvest-ripe grain was examined to assess the expression of grain dormancy. Two measures of germination, the predicted time to 50% germination (G ₅₀) and a weighted germination index, both clearly differentiated dormant and non-dormant lines grown under CEC. In addition, levels of grain dormancy were similar to field-grown plants. These results demonstrated that CEC with an extended photoperiod can be used for rapid and reliable characterisation of grain dormancy in fixed lines of bread wheat.     

新疆野生白三叶表型性状变异研究

以新疆13份白三叶(Trifolium repens)为材料,通过观测其株高、叶形、叶色、花色、茎长、茎节间长和千粒重等特征,研究新疆野生白三叶表型性状差异。结果表明:白三叶的各个指标在群体间存在显著差异,具有丰富的遗传多样性。通过聚类分析可将13个群体分为3类,呼图壁M单独聚为1类;呼图壁J、呼图壁K、呼图壁L、乌市南山D和昌吉F聚为1类;其余7个聚为1类。本研究结果能够为开展野生白三叶的生物学特性和遗传育种研究提供基础数据。     

不同土壤水分条件下断茎处理对克隆植物结缕草表型可塑性的影响

通过断茎处理,研究在不同土壤水分条件下克隆植物结缕草的水分生理整合作用对表型可塑性的影响。结果表明,在土壤水分均质和异质环境下,与断茎处理相比,保持匍匐茎的连接对结缕草的形态学指标均有促进作用;断茎处理均降低了分枝强度;在土壤水分异质和均质环境下,在结缕草克隆植株内存在水分生理整合,而且整合的方向既有从基部到梢部的向顶传输,又有从梢部向基部的向基传输,即水分传输是双向的。     

薄皮甜瓜表型性状的主成分分析

对不同来源的34份薄皮甜瓜品种的19个表型性状进行了主成分分析。结果表明,果实形态和品质相关性状变异系数较大,是薄皮甜瓜表型变异的主要来源,其中果形指数变异系数最大,达80.13%。19个表型性状可归为6个主成分,即果形因子、植株生长因子、品质因子、熟性因子、单果重因子和种子形态因子,其累计贡献率为80.832%。根据主成分值对供试材料的主要性状进行综合评价,王海、十道梨、金巴齿、甜梨王、花脆瓜等10个品种综合表现优良。