Leaf-fall phenology along a topography-mediated environmental gradient in a cool–temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in Japan

Leaf-fall phenology was studied in a cool–temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in central Japan in relation to the topographic environmental gradients that occur along a short mountain slope. Leaf-fall phenology was described quantitatively using data from leaf litter collected along the slope. In autumn, leaf fall at the study site tended to occur slightly earlier on the upper slope than on the lower slope. This pattern was found at both the stand and the species levels. Our results suggest that leaf-fall phenology may be affected by difference in microclimatic conditions, because environmental conditions are thought to be more severe on the upper slope than on the lower slope. The less intensive methods used in this study, the litter trap method, and Dixon’s model succeeded in quantifying the phenological patterns of leaf fall within stands and within species along the short mountain slope.     

中国历史时期的森林文化及其发展

详述了森林文化的概念及内涵，系统总结了森林文化在不同历史时期的特征及相应历史背景。     

Phenology Differs among Norway Spruce Populations in Relation to Local Variation in Altitude of Maternal Stands in the Beskidy Mountains

An investigation of phenological and growth traits was conducted in a lowland plantation, comprised of 23 Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seed stands from the Istebna region in the Beskidy Mountains of Poland. Significant differences were found among population in growth initiation, growth termination and the length of shoot elongation period. The two latter traits were highly correlated and were attributed to the altitude of the maternal stand. The tested populations were grouped based on phenology. Progeny of lower-alttitude stands ceased growth later, had a longer duration of shoot growth and greater current leader length compared to progeny of higher-altitude stands. Individual populations, however, did not differ in current-year growth and total tree height, implying higher within-population variation in growth traits than in phenology. The similar growth capacity of all tested populations suggests considerable gene flow between maternal stands, although differences in phenology imply the adaptation of progenies to the altitudinal environment of seed origin. These results suggest that within tested populations, selection is possible based on phenology alone, without considerable reduction of early height growth; final decisions, however, should be based on the environmental conditions of the planting site.     

北五味子物候期及温度对幼苗的影响

[目的]研究北五味子物候期及低温对幼苗的影响。[方法]在北五味子物候期与气象因子进行了平行观测和分析的基础上,通过对春秋季北五味子幼苗在0~8℃这段温度内葡萄糖和蛋白质含量变化的测定,着重讨论低温对北五味子幼苗的影响。[结果]0~4℃时北五味子幼苗受到低温影响,在此段温度内,随着温度的升高,北五味子幼苗内的葡萄糖、蛋白质的含量在升高;4~8℃时,随着温度的升高,北五味子幼苗内的葡萄糖、蛋白质的含量在降低。[结论]温度4℃时北五味子幼苗的生长发育受到一定的影响,体内的蛋白质和葡萄糖含量降低,说明植株的呼吸和光合作用受到抑制。     

青海云杉小卷蛾物候预测预报初步研究

青海云杉小卷蛾为云杉小卷蛾属新种,在青海西宁地区主要危害青海云杉,在我国青海西宁发生较为严重。由于小卷蛾虫体过小不易观察,危害隐蔽,监测、防治难度较大,蛹羽化期集中,一旦成虫出现,很快进入盛期,预报有效防治期很难把握,防治效果较差。经过三年观测发现青海云杉小卷蛾的生活史与青海云杉物候期有着密切的依从关系,以青海云杉物候观测为参照,可掌握青海云杉小卷蛾虫害的发生规律和最佳防治时期。     

甘肃省杏种业“十四五”发展对策

为保证甘肃省杏产业健康高效发展,通过总结“十三五”甘肃省杏种业取得的主要成效和经验,分析了“十四五”甘肃省杏种业发展面临的机遇与挑战。从发展定位和指导思想两个方面提出了“十四五”甘肃省杏种业发展的总体思路,并从加强杏种质资源收集和保存、杏种质资源深入评价和种质创新、重点培育杏优良新品种、开展杏新品种联合区试、加强品种保护及加快成果转化5个方面指出了“十四五”甘肃省杏种业的研究重点。最后从稳定经费支持、创新体制机制、加强人才培养、改善科研条件等方面提出了“十四五”甘肃省杏种业发展的保障措施。     

灰色系统模型在树木物候预报中的应用

本文应用灰色系统理论,利用1970—1975年的山桃、杏、紫丁香、紫藤、刺槐、枣等六个树种的开花物候期资料,分别建立六个树种的GM(1,1)物候预报模型,并对1970—1980年的始花期进行预测。结果表明,以上六个树种的预报平均误差仅为2.70、1.78,5.36,2.42,3.76天,精度高于线性回归法和平均值预估法,而且该法计算较为简便,为今后开展物候预报提供了一种新方法。     

大通地区金叶垂榆引种试验

目前城镇绿化树种单一,彩叶绿化乔木树种成为城乡绿化中的点缀佳品,大通地区引种金叶垂榆可为城镇绿化苗木增加了一个新品种,本文介绍了大通引种的金叶垂榆的物候期、生长情况和成活率。     

Development of a crop knowledge base for Europe

This paper describes the development of a Crop Knowledge Base System for use in crop modelling and yield forecasting. The inherent limitations of databases can cause problems for dealing effectively with geo-referenced data sets. The system described here includes all the normal database operations but also handles richer types of data. Values of queried attributes can be deduced through the use of heritability within hierarchies and by the application of rules that summarise sets of empirical observations. The system is able to reason about similar locations, so that where no information exists in the knowledge base for a particular location, then an alternative location, subject to similar meteorological and agricultural conditions, will be sought.     

Impact of selective logging on genetic composition and demographic structure of four tropical tree species

Over-exploitation and fragmentation are serious problems for tropical forests. Most sustainable forest management practices avoid clear-cuts and apply selective logging systems focused on a few commercial species. We applied a simulation model to estimate the impact of such selective logging scenarios on the genetic diversity and demography of four tropical tree species from French Guiana. The simulations used data on genetic and demographic composition, growth, phenology and pollen and seed dispersal obtained for Dicorynia guianensis, Sextonia rubra, Symphonia globulifera and Vouacapoua americana at the experimental site in Paracou. Whereas Symphonia globulifera serves as a model for a species with low logging pressure, the other three species represent the most exploited tree species in French Guiana. In simulations with moderate logging, typical for French Guiana, with large cutting diameter (>60 cm diameter) and long cutting cycles (65 years), the two species V. americana and Sextonia rubra were not able to recover their initial stock at the end of the rotation period, with a large decrease in the number of individuals and in basal area. Under a more intensive logging system (cutting diameter >45 cm diameter, cutting cycles of 30 years) that is common practice in the Brazilian Amazon, only Symphonia globulifera showed no negative impact. Generally, the differences between the genetic parameters in the control scenarios without logging and the logging scenarios were surprisingly small. The main reasons for this were the overlapping of generations and the effective dispersal ability of gene vectors in all species, which guarantee relative homogeneity of the genetic structure in different age classes. Nevertheless, decreasing the population size by logging reduced the number of genotypes and caused higher genetic distances between the original population and the population at the end of the logging cycles. Sensitivity analysis showed that genetic changes in the logging scenarios were principally determined by the growth, densities and cutting diameter of each species, and only to a very small extent by the reproductive system including factors such as pollen and seed dispersal and flowering phenology.