Phenological trends in winter wheat and spring cotton in response to climate changes in northwest China

Understanding of the effects of climatic change on phenological phases of a crop species may help optimize management schemes to increase productivity. This study determined the trend of climatic changes during the period of 1981–2004 in northwest China and assessed the impacts of climatic changes on phenological phases and productivity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spring cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at two locations. There was a clear trend of climate warming during the study period, leading to the earliness of pseudo stem elongation, booting, anthesis, and ripening stages of winter wheat by 13.2, 9.8, 11.0, and 10.8 d during the 24-year period, respectively. The growth period from seedling emergence to stem elongation shortened 16.1 d, but the growth period from anthesis to milk prolonged 8.2 d during the 24-year period. In cotton, the dates of seedling emergence, budding, anthesis, and boll-opening stages became earlier by, respectively, 10.9, 9.0, 13.9, and 16.4 d during the period of 1983–2004. However, the growth periods from five-leaf stage to budding, budding to anthesis, and anthesis to boll-opening stages were prolonged by 2.4, 12.0, and 9.0 d, respectively, for every 1 °C of rise in minimum temperature during their respective growth period. Increasing minimum temperatures during the vegetative period positively affected winter wheat growth but increases in maximum temperatures during the reproductive period negatively affected kernel weight and grain yield. Consequently, the grain yield of winter wheat had decreased, but the yield of cotton had increased during the study period. The trend of climate warming appeared to be favourable for cotton production but unfavourable for winter wheat in northwest China.     

野生毛葡萄及其远缘杂交后代栽培性状调查和评价

采用田间调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对7个不同野生毛葡萄株系及5个选育的毛葡萄远缘杂交后代196、296、B2、741、213的栽培性状以及果实品质进行调查分析研究。结果表明,5个毛葡萄远缘杂交后代的物候期均要早于野生株系,杂交后代的果实品质优于野生株系;对黑痘病的抗性方面,野生毛葡萄表现为免疫,远缘杂交后代遗传了毛葡萄对黑痘病的高抗病性,表现为高抗和抗病。     

杉木物候期地理变化规律及其与生产力关系的研究

在广泛收集杉木物候观测资料的基础上，对我国杉木物候期地理变化规律进行了综合分析，并寻求生产力与生长期的相关关系。主要结果：揭示了杉木物侯期的地理分布规律，并建立了杉木主要物候期地理空间分布的数学模型。指出杉木生长期长度与生产力呈二次曲线关系，主梢生长期在２００－２５０天时（中带，生产力较高，为８—１８ｔ／ｈａ·ａ：主梢生长期高于２５０天（南带）或低于２００天（北带），生产力较低，为３—８ｔ／ｈａ·ａ。这是杉木的生态遗传性和产区的环境条件综合影响的结果。     

青海省河南县草地车前物候期对气候变化的响应

根据青海省河南县牧业气象试验站1997~2018年草本植物车前物候观测数据及同期气象观测数据,研究了气候变化对车前萌芽期、黄枯期及生长期的影响。结果表明:(1)河南县近22a年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,降水量呈增多趋势,气候暖湿化特征明显;(2)车前萌芽期呈略提前趋势,平均每10a提前1.8d,车前萌芽期主要受3~4月平均气温和4月日照时数影响;(3)车前黄枯期呈极显著推迟趋势,平均每10a推迟约16.3d,8~9月平均气温升高和9月日照时数减少导致车前黄枯期明显推迟;(4)气候变暖变湿后,4~10月平均气温升高、夏季降水量增多及秋季日照时数减少是导致车前生长期延长的主要气候因子。说明气候暖湿化有利于植物物候期的延长和草地生态环境的好转,有利于草地生态环境保护和治理工程项目的实施。     

油梨开花物候期及花器官特征观察

以不同品种油梨为材料,分析其开花物候期的变异规律,了解油梨花器官特性。结果表明：不同品种油梨的开花物候期存在差异,变异系数为14.63％～73.68％,开花期在2月下旬至4月上旬,花期持续时间变化范围在25-35天,以富尔特开花最早,哈斯开花次之,桂研5号和桂研10号开花最晚。不同品种油梨在花器官特征存在一定的差异,总体来说,油梨花为聚伞圆锥花序,着生位置有顶生或居间,属于完全花。花瓣颜色为绿色、黄绿色,花柱直立,均有花粉和蜜腺,但在花序主轴长、花序长度、花序宽度、花柄长度、小花数、小花直径及花瓣长度方面存在差异。此研究结果在指导实际生产、合理配置品种及杂交育种等方面具有重要参考意义。     

斑鳜网箱配合饲料驯养及其活动与摄食行为的初步观察

本文对斑鳜配合饲料的制作工艺,驯饲方法、摄食行为及不同饲料对斑鳜生长影响做了详尽的阐释与分析。在网箱养殖中,对三种配合饵料蛋白源进行对照试验：Ⅰ冰鲜鱼糜、Ⅱ鱼粉、Ⅲ鱼粉＋植物蛋白,三种组合的饵料都制成软颗粒配合饲料进行投喂,对照箱Ⅳ投喂冰鲜杂鱼。52d投喂结果表明,饵料系数、生长速度等经济性状Ⅲ最好（P〈0．05）,斑鳜生长效果依次为Ⅲ〉Ⅱ〉Ⅳ〉Ⅰ,同时通过对斑鳜活动、摄食行为的观察,得出斑鳜摄食选择次序为：光度、形状、可得性、适口性。     

近40年中国东部木本植物秋季叶全变色期变化

根据中国物候观测网络17个站点的物候资料和气象资料,分析了近40a中国东部地区木本植物秋季叶全变色期变化及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近40a,中国东部地区木本植物秋季叶全变色期变化总体表现为推迟的趋势,推迟的幅度为3.7d.(10a)-1;从年代上看,20世纪80年代后木本植物叶全变色期的推迟趋势明显;最低气温每升高或降低1℃,植物叶全变色期平均推迟或提前约3d;气候增暖可能是导致植物叶变色期推迟的主要原因之一。结果对丰富物候与全球气候变化关系研究具有重要意义。     

The simulation of phenological development in dynamic crop model: The Bayesian comparison of different methods

The main objective of our study was to use Bayesian methods to quantify the uncertainties related to phenological development of maize (Zea mays L.) under various climate conditions. For this purpose, five different phenological methods were implemented in the dynamic crop growth model, which was subsequently optimized, using the data acquired at three different locations in Slovenia. The sensitivity analysis of the crop model was performed in order to find the set of most influential physiological parameters. Subsequent Bayesian model comparison was used in order to quantify the impact of phenological method selection on the final maize yield. The results revealed the importance of using an appropriate phenological method in order to correctly estimate the duration of the growing season and yield, when used within dynamic crop model. The limitations of the phenological methods used in this study are discussed. The selection of phenological method itself did not have a significant influence on the yield estimation, except in years with high temperatures and limiting water conditions. This raises the concern that inaccurate simulation of phenological development may increase the uncertainties of impact assessment on crop yield where crop models are fed with future climate projections.     

近40年中国植物物候对气候变化的响应研究

根据中国科学院物候观测网络中26个观测网络中26个观测站点的物候资料，分析了近40年我国木本植物物候变化及其对气候变化的响应关系。并建立了不同年代物候期与地理位置之间的关系模式。分析了当前气候增暖背景下物候期地理分布规律变化对气候变化的响应关系。结果表明：温度上升，我国的木本植物春季物候期提前，20世纪80年代以后，东北，华北及长江下游等地区的物候期提前，西南东部，长江中游等地区的物候期推迟，同时物候期随纬度变化的幅度减小。     

物候观测技术研究

利用宁夏中卫市沙坡头区1981～2011年的木本、草本和气象水文观测资料,运用统计学方法对该地区物候观测资料进行了统计分析。结果表明,31年来中卫市沙坡头区的物候期随着气候的变暖,春季萌芽期提前3～4 d,秋季荣枯期推迟3～4 d,植物生长季延长6～8 d,同时也对一些观测技术进行探讨,总结了一些气象水文现象的气候指标和物候观测的注意事项。