4份桃种质挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

为了分析桃果实中共有的挥发性成分及初步探讨果皮毛和果肉颜色性状对挥发性成分的影响情况,以此2对性状均存在差异的4份桃种质为试材,采用顶空固相微萃取方法提取其成熟果肉中的挥发性成分,并用气相-质谱联用仪对其进行了测定。结果表明:4份桃种质中共鉴定出116种挥发性成分,其主要为酯、醛、醇和烷烃等类物质。从挥发性成分的种类数量上看,白肉桃‘大久保’和‘华光’中检出的挥发性成分种类较多,分别有68和52种;而2份黄肉桃种质中检出的挥发性成分种类均较少。从挥发性成分的种类上看,2份普通桃与2份油桃中的差异挥发性成分总共仅有3种,其分别为反式-2,4-庚二烯醛、戊酸-2,2,4-三甲基-3-异丙酸-异丁酯和脱氧精胍菌素,远低于2份白肉桃与2份黄肉桃种质中差异挥发性成分的数量(13种)。此外,从挥发性成分的类群上看,2份白肉桃含有较多的"青香型"的C6类化合物,而2份黄肉桃含有较多的"果香型"的酯和内酯类化合物。文中综合分析认为,果皮毛的有无和果肉的颜色性状均可能影响果实中挥发性成分的数量和种类,但后者的影响较为明显。     

Nutritive value of sorghum silage for sheep

This study compared ensiled sorghum (ES) from two varieties (first and second cuts) with corn silage (CS) for chemical analysis, total-tract nutrient digestibility, ruminal variables and blood biochemistry metabolites in sheep. Five experimental silages representing first cut ES var. Pegah (PS1), second cut ES var. Pegah (PS2), first cut ES var. Speedfeed (SS1), second cut ES var. Speedfeed (SS2) and CS were assessed for chemical analysis, silage fermentation and anti-quality compounds. Diets consisted of lucerne hay, silage and a premix (at the ratio of 53.5:46:0.5 on a dry matter [DM] basis). Feed consumption, total-tract nutrient digestibility, microbial nitrogen supply (MNS), ruminal variables and blood biochemistry metabolites were determined in a Latin square design of five periods with five male sheep. Compared to sorghum, CS had lower (p < 0.01) concentrations of ash, water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein, but higher starch, lignin (sa), non-structural carbohydrates and apparent nutrient digestibility. The measurements of pH, lactic acid, NH₃-N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) confirmed that all silages were well-preserved. The anti-quality compound levels in the silages were below the safe limits for ruminants. No differences were observed in feed consumption (p > 0.05) and total-tract digestibility of DM and nutrients (p > 0.05). Rumen pH, NH₃-N, VFA concentrations and acetate to propionate ratio showed no difference among treatments (p > 0.05). Sheep fed on sorghum silage showed a decrease (p < 0.01) in total protozoa, and particularly in the Entodiniae population. There were no differences in cellulolytic bacteria counts (p > 0.05) among treatments. Urinary N, MNS and blood biochemistry metabolites showed no difference among treatments (p > 0.05). Silages from both cuts of sorghum had comparable total-tract nutrient digestibility to CS, therefore, these varieties could be used as a more drought resilient silage source in the feeding of sheep.     

软儿梨冷冻贮藏过程酚类物质与多酚氧化酶的区域化分布

为研究冷冻贮藏中不同部位酚类物质和多酚氧化酶的分布特征,以青海省地方梨优良品种‘软儿梨’果实为研究材料,采用高效液相色谱法和比色法测定软儿梨果实后熟(室温)、冻藏(-18℃)和解冻(室温)3个时期的果皮、果肉中总多酚、绿原酸的含量和多酚氧化酶活性。结果表明:软儿梨果实后熟后,酚类物质果肉?果皮,多酚氧化酶则果皮?果肉;冷冻贮藏过程中,不同部位的酚类物质和多酚氧化酶均呈现不同程度的升高,但绿原酸在果皮急剧下降、果肉中略有增加。解冻后总体呈下降趋势,2个部位总酚、多酚氧化酶下降明显,而果皮中的绿原酸变化不大。研究表明:软儿梨果实后熟后,酚类物质和多酚氧化酶分布呈现区域化,冷冻贮藏加剧了酚类物质和多酚氧化酶活性的积累,导致了软儿梨冷冻贮藏后果皮先于果肉发生了褐变。     

牦牛干巴和黄牛干巴挥发性风味特征与差异分析

为分析和鉴定牦牛干巴和黄牛干巴中的特征性风味成分,采用电子鼻和固相微萃取(SPME)/气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用(GC-O-MS)方法分析了其中的挥发性风味成分。电子鼻检测结果表明,2组样品之间的风味差异显著(p0.05)。2组样品中共鉴定出54种挥发性化合物,其中,牦牛干巴和黄牛干巴中分别鉴定出42种和50种。2组样品中共有成分38种,包括12种烃类、7种醛类、8种醇类、3种酮类、2种呋喃类、1种酯类和5种其他类,其中,13种成分含量差异显著(p0.05)。烃类在牦牛干巴的风味组成中含量最高,而醛类在黄牛干巴的组成中含量最高。二氢化茚、十六烷、乙酸乙酯、乙酸-2-乙基己酯4种成分是牦牛干巴中的特有成分,3-甲基丁醛、反-2-辛烯醛、反式-2-壬烯醛、4-乙基苯甲醛、3-甲基丁醇、反式-2-癸烯醇、反式-2-辛烯醇、1-壬醇、苯乙醇、醋酸乙烯基酯、己酸乙酯、草蒿脑12种成分是黄牛干巴中的特有成分,这些物质是2组产品的主要差异性物质。脂肪氧化、氨基酸的Strecker降解及微生物代谢是牛干巴产品风味形成的主要来源。本研究将为牛干巴风味品质评价、生产工艺的控制、产品的标准化等提供理论依据。     

德国及蒙古沙棘品种无性系生物学和观赏性价值评估

沙棘由于其有丰富的内含物和多方面的用途正被作为＂新兴水果＂而赢得了人们越来越多的重视和喜爱.通过在柏林Baumschulenweg的育种工作,到目前为止,已经育成不同成熟期的5个雌性和4个雄性沙棘品种.更多的由欧洲和蒙古原生种产生的杂交选育工作仍在进行中.将这些无性系按照其生物学和果实性状进行评估.就单个性状来讲,各品种之间的差异非常大（比如维生素的含量在17～340mg/100g之间变动,胡萝卜素的变动范围为6.5～23.8mg/100g）.这表明,进一步的育种改良完全有可能.所有用于比较的沙棘品种由在德累斯顿Pillnitz进行的育种工作获得,这些品种将被进一步研究.为了保险起见,以及为了解决后来有可能产生的育种及植物病理学方面的问题,必须尽可能保存现有的所有的某一品种的基因多样性.为此目的,由国家资助扶持的基因库的建立是很有必要的.     

柑橘果实酚类物质及其生物活性研究进展

柑橘果实富含酚类物质,主要包括类黄酮和酚酸,其中以类黄酮为主。本文围绕柑橘果实酚类物质的种类、含量与分布、动态变化,生物活性等对相关研究成果进行了综述,旨在为柑橘果实的科学利用提供信息。     

不同种类柑橘果实氨基酸组成及营养品质评价

为探明不同品种宽皮柑橘果肉的特征性香气物质,以芦柑、温州蜜柑、红桔、瓯柑、砂糖橘的果肉为研究对象,基于GC-MS共分离鉴定出65种香气物质,其中d-柠檬烯含量最高占56.34~85.98%。采用香气活性值法和主成分分析法,确定温州蜜柑的特征香气物质为反式-β-罗勒烯、(E)-2-壬烯醛、橙花醛、香叶基丙酮,红桔为香叶醛、(-)-4-松油醇、α-萜品烯、辛醛、α-萜品醇、芳樟醇、β-香茅醇、β-月桂烯、?-萜品烯,瓯柑为顺式-β-罗勒烯、d-柠檬烯、β-水芹烯,砂糖橘为β-香茅醛、癸醛、紫苏醛、(E)-2-己烯醛,而芦柑仅有α-金合欢烯。这些特征香气性物质的差异,形成宽皮柑橘独特的风味特征。     

鄂通两头乌与通城猪肌肉中重要营养风味物质的比较

为比较鄂通两头乌与通城猪肌肉营养和风味物质的差异,分别对两群体背最长肌中氨基酸、脂肪酸、肌苷酸和硫胺素4类营养风味物质进行测定和分析。结果显示:通城猪肌肉氨基酸种类齐全,16种氨基酸总量为(19.42±1.31) g/100 g,必需氨基酸含量为(8.47±0.98) g/100 g,主要鲜味氨基酸含量为(6.80±0.46) g/100 g;脂肪酸种类丰富、营养风味价值高,饱和脂肪酸含量为43.04%±1.84%,不饱和脂肪酸含量为56.96%±1.84%,其中单不饱和脂肪酸含量为47.47%±2.63%,多不饱和脂肪酸含量为9.50%±2.50%,亚油酸含量达8.93%±2.36%。而其风味物质硫胺素和肌苷酸的值分别为(0.23±0.05) mg/100 g、(3.23±0.67) mg/g。鄂通两头乌肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸(12.08%±4.72%)、亚油酸(11.36%±4.44%)和硫胺素((0.23±0.05) mg/100 g)显著或极显著高于通城猪,上述其他性状与通城猪差异不显著(P0.05)。以上结果表明:鄂通两头乌和通城猪的猪肉均具有高营养价值和独特风味等特点,而且鄂通两头乌除保留了通城猪肉的营养风味外,多不饱和脂肪酸、硫胺素含量更高,值得进一步开发利用。     

Comprehensive lipidomics and volatile compounds profiling reveals correlation of lipids and flavors in DHA-enriched egg yolk

DHA-enriched eggs have gained popularity due to their unique nutritional value, but their flavor can be challenging for some consumers to accept. The study analyzed the correlation of lipids and flavors in DHA-enriched egg yolks using comprehensive lipidomics and volatile compound analysis. The results showed that 411 lipids were detected in two egg yolk samples. Among them, 148 lipid species, including 48 DHA-containing lipids, were significantly higher in DHA-enriched egg yolks than in Common ...