气相色谱-串联质谱法测定土壤中多效唑农药残留

[目的]建立固相萃取-气相色谱/串联质谱联用检测土壤中多效唑农药残留的方法。[方法]样品经乙腈提取、固相萃取柱净化后,采用丙酮+正己烷混合液(15∶85,V/V)洗脱,洗脱液经浓缩后采用气相色谱/串联质谱仪进行测定。[结果]多效唑的质量浓度(0.005~0.500 mg/L)与其峰面积成良好线性关系,最小检出量为6.03×10-13g(S/N=5),样品的添加回收率为70.50%~96.73%,日内和日间相对标准偏差均不大于6.73%。[结论]该方法具有操作简便、高效、灵敏度高等特点,可应用于土壤样品分析。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定板栗中58种农药残留

为建立适用于板栗多种农药残留检测的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析方法,以乙腈为提取溶剂,样品经高速均质提取,PSA、C18固相萃取柱净化后用HPLC分离,以Agilent C18(2.7μm,2.1 mm×100 mm)为色谱柱,甲醇和0.1%甲酸-2 mmol/L乙酸铵水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,进样量5.0μL、流速300μL/min,在ESI离子源、正离子扫描、动态MRM模式下,以保留时间和质荷比对分离的组分定性,外标法峰面积定量。结果表明:58种农药在各自的线性范围内相关性良好(r0.99),各农药的加标回收率范围为60%~120%,符合残留检测要求。     

不同浓度苏云金杆菌(Bt)悬浮剂防治美国白蛾室内药效

[目的]探讨不同浓度苏云金杆菌(Bt)对美国白蛾的防治效果。[方法]采用不同浓度苏云金杆菌悬浮剂对美国白蛾进行室内防治试验。[结果]不同浓度的苏云金杆菌悬浮剂对美国白蛾的防治效果存在一定的差异,并在一定的浓度范围内随浓度增加而增强,苏云金杆菌悬浮剂500倍、800倍稀释液对美国白蛾具有较好的防治效果。[结论]综合考虑击倒速度和防治成本,采用苏云金杆菌悬浮剂防治美国白蛾,以800倍稀释液为最佳浓度。     

果蔬农药残留快速检测固定化酶片的制作研究

[目的]对胆碱酯酶的保藏性进行研究分析,以期得到保障农药残留检测的最佳酶活力。[方法]试验选定高酶活力的大豆酯酶为酶原,通过筛选最适反应温度、反应时间、离子浓度和最适pH,及最佳的反应显色体系来确定反应最适的条件,采用不同的显色体系酶抑制法,研究酶片的制作方法。[结果]酶片载体材料采用硝酸纤维膜,制作每张酶片取20μL大豆酶液,15μL 0.5%的BSA溶液,2μL 0.05%戊二醛于平底试管中。添加0.03 mol/L pH 7.0的磷酸缓冲液至总体积100μL,4℃固定10 h;制作每张显色片,需在1 cm×1 cm大小的滤纸片上加入50μL显色剂,30μL底物,4℃冷风吹干,封膜真空保存。[结论]固兰B盐和α-乙酸奈酯组合,适合作为酶抑制法检测有机磷农药残留的显色剂,且效果明显。     

钾肥强化植物间作修复镉锌污染土壤效应研究

小麦间作伴矿景天是一种原位绿色、边生产边修复重金属污染土壤的有效方式,施用钾肥是保障小麦增产的主要措施之一。为了研究不同类型和用量的钾肥对小麦间作伴矿景天修复镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)污染土壤的强化效果,采用室外盆栽试验方法,以不施钾肥为对照处理,研究了不同类型钾肥(氯化钾、硫酸钾)及施用量(50、100 mg·kg^-1和200 mg·kg^-1,以K2O计)对土壤pH和Cd、Zn含量、小麦和伴矿景天幼苗生物量及其Cd、Zn积累量的影响。结果表明:相较于对照处理,施用氯化钾和硫酸钾均能降低土壤pH,且施用量增至200 mg·kg^-1时土壤pH值降幅最大,分别降低了0.322和0.411。氯化钾和硫酸钾对土壤有效态Cd、Zn含量的提升效果均随施用量的提高而增强,均提高了小麦幼苗与伴矿景天生物量并促进了对Cd、Zn的积累。施用钾肥后,土壤Cd的去除率在15.1%~23.8%,土壤Zn的去除率在1.75%~4.70%。研究表明,施用钾肥均对小麦间作伴矿景天修复土壤Cd、Zn污染具有良好的强化效应,且氯化钾施用量200 mg·kg^-1的修复效果优于其他处理。     

抗生素对黄叶日本桃叶珊瑚试管苗细菌污染抑制效果初探

采用医用抗生素氨苄西林钠、硫酸链霉素、头孢拉定及其组合抑制黄叶日本桃叶珊瑚试管苗细菌污染试验结果表明：单独使用1种抗生素时,抗菌及试管苗生长、生根情况不如组合使用效果好,使用抗生素氨苄西林钠比另外2种抗生素效果好;组合使用抗生素时,培养基附加氨苄西林钠与硫酸链霉素各50 mg/L,对污染菌的抑菌率为100%,同时在增殖系数、苗高、生长势方面都表现最好,并对黄叶日本桃叶珊瑚试管苗的生根有明显的促进作用,氨苄西林钠与头孢拉定抗菌组合效果次之,效果好于硫酸链霉素与头孢拉定组合。     

西藏农田新农药对比试验初探

为了比较和鉴定近年来引进的新型农药的药效，为我区大田推广提供可靠的科学依据，特进行新型农药的药效对比试验，试验证明，麦田防除阉叶草试验中：2．4-D丁酯、麦草灵这二种农药的表现较为突出；油菜防除蚜虫试验中“乐斯本”效果最邓；高盖”对于双子叶作物田防治单子叶杂草具有十分良好的作用。     

Response of ammonia oxidizing microbes to the stresses of arsenic and copper in two acidic alfisols

Soil pollution by elevated heavy metals exhibits adverse effects on soil microorganisms. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria and ammonia oxidizing archaea perform ammonia oxidative processes in acidic soils. However, influence of heavy metal stress on soil ammonia oxidizers distribution and diversity is inadequately addressed. This study investigated the responses of ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea to heavy metals, Cu and As during short-term laboratory experiment. Two different acidic alfisols named as Rayka and Hangzhou spiked with different concentrations of As, Cu and As + Cu were incubated for 10 weeks. Significant reduction in copy numbers of archaeal-16S rRNA, bacterial-16S rRNA and functional amoA genes was observed along elevated heavy metal concentrations. Ammonia oxidizing archaea was found to be more abundant than ammonia oxidizing bacteria in all the heavy metal treatments. The potential nitrification rate significantly decreased with increasing As and Cu concentrations in the two soils examined. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed no apparent community shift for ammonia oxidizing archaea even at higher concentrations of As and Cu. Phylogenetic analysis of archaeal amoA gene from 4 clone libraries indicated that all the archaeal amoA sequences were placed within 3 distinct clusters from soil and sediment group 1.1b of Thaumarchaeota. Our results could be useful for the better understanding of the ecological effects of heavy metals on the abundance and diversity of soil ammonia oxidizers.     

One-step RT-PCR for the Detection of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Clinical Samples

A single-tube, non-interrupted, one-step RT-PCR has been standardized to amplify the hypervariable region of the VP2 gene sequence of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The technique standardized on purified viral RNA was successfully applied to the detection of the virus directly in clinical samples. The amplified products were confirmed to be IBDV specific by their size in ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel, nested PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. Digestion of the amplicons with StyI restriction enzyme also differentiated classical virus from six very virulent field isolates. The sensitivity of the one-step RT-PCR was found to be 0.2 pg of viral RNA.     

QSAR及其在农药设计中的应用和进展

在介绍定量结构 -活性关系 (QSAR)的基本原理后 ,重点评述了 QSAR各种方法的主要原理、优缺点及其在农药设计中的研究应用进展 ,包括取代基多参数法 (Hansch法 )、Free- Wilson法、分子轨道法 (MO)、距离比较法 (DISCO)、比较分子力场分析法 (Co MFA)、分子模拟法 (MS)、分子对接法 (MD)、人工神经网络法 (ANN)以及 Leapfrog法等。