Assessing the deposition and canopy penetration of nozzles with different spray qualities in an oat (Avena sativa L.) canopy

Consistent spray coverage that is evenly distributed throughout the canopy is necessary to control pest populations that can negatively affect yield. As applicators are switching to Coarser spray quality nozzles to reduce risk and liability of pesticide spray drift, concerns about efficacy loss are growing. Previous research has indicated that small droplets are the most effective at penetrating through crop canopies, but newer nozzle technologies have improved the effectiveness of larger droplet or Coarser sprays. Research was conducted to assess the canopy penetration of nozzles that produce Coarse, Very-Coarse and Extremely-Coarse spray qualities compared to nozzles that produce Fine and Medium spray qualities. Kromekote collectors were positioned in four configurations in an oat (Avena sativa L.) var. ‘Yarran’ (AusWest Seeds, Forbes, NSW, Australia) crop to quantify the coverage and droplet number densities (droplets cm⁻²) across three application carrier volume rates: 50, 75 and 100 L ha⁻¹. Applications were made in the field in 30 cm tall, tillering oats, with collectors arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The entire study was repeated on the following day. Results showed that droplet number densities were inversely related to the droplet size produced by the nozzles, yet coverage was increased more by application volume rate than droplet size. Thus, both spray drift reduction and improved canopy penetration can be achieved with proper nozzle selection and operation parameters for the control of agronomic pests.     

Farmers' knowledge and perception of grain legume pests and their management in the Eastern province of Kenya

Grain legumes play an important role in community livelihood and in the national economy in Kenya. Unfortunately, in many African countries, production doesn't satisfy the demand in grains due to various constrains. Understanding farmers practices and behavior in the management of grain legume pests is a crucial step in the development of sustainable management strategies. A total of 216 farmers were surveyed in eight districts of eastern Kenya to evaluate farmers' knowledge and perceptions of grain legume pests; to examine current pest management practices, and to identify other production constraints. Grain legumes are grown by a wide age-group of farmers, with both genders equally represented. Chemical control remains the main pest management strategy, and, to ensure pesticide effectiveness, farmers also use increased application rates, chemical alternation, frequent application and mixtures of chemicals. While farmers used other control measures, they showed only limited interest in biological control. The majority of the farmers had experience in grain legume farming and were able to identify the major pests, which were the legume flower thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch and the legume pod borer Maruca vitrata Fabricius. Our survey revealed that education and proximity to extension services contributed significantly to farmers' knowledge of grain legume pests, suggesting the need to provide continuous training and capacity building on integrated pest management in grain legume farming. The study also suggests integration of other pest management strategies such as the use of early maturing varieties, biopesticides and biofertilizer to reduce the use of chemical for sustainable pest management.     

氮肥形态及用量对土壤砷生物有效性的影响研究

通过盆栽试验,探讨了高砷红壤中施用碳酸氢铵、尿素和硝酸钙3种不同形态氮肥对土壤砷生物有效性及小白菜吸收砷的影响。结果表明:在175、350mg·kg-1两种施氮水平下,不同形态氮肥的施用均显著(P<0.05)促进了小白菜(Brassica chinensis)植株的生长,生物量的增加幅度为104.5%～224.3%;氮肥施用显著增加了土壤中有效态砷含量和植物对砷的吸收(P<0.05),与对照相比,不同形态氮肥处理下土壤有效态砷含量增加了30.5～49.4倍,其中,以施氮量为350mg·kg-1Ca(NO3)2处理增幅最大,NH4HCO3的350mg·kg-1施氮处理的增幅较小;在3种氮肥形态的2种施氮量处理下,植物地上部砷吸收量比对照增加0.75～4.32倍,且以175mg·kg-1NH4HCO3和350mg·kg-1Ca(NO3)2的施氮处理较高,而350mg·kg-1CO(NH2)2和175mg·kg-1Ca(NO3)2施氮处理的植物砷浓度及吸收量均相对较低。随着化学氮肥的施用,发生了土壤残渣态的砷向易溶态等其他形态砷的转化和释放,导致作物吸收砷及相应的环境风险增加。     

利用叶片光谱的作物铜铅污染判别

重金属污染种类的判别是作物生长环境监测的重要组成部分.该研究旨在提出一种由叶片光谱构建的铜铅污染判别特征(Copper and Lead Contamination Discriminating Features,CLCDF),以实现作物铜、铅污染判别.以典型作物玉米为试验对象,运用包络线去除与导数处理叶片光谱,基于该...     

中国蔬菜产业发展中化肥和农药使用问题的思考

针对蔬菜中化肥和农药过量施用产生的重大问题,该文做了客观分析和思考,并提出了相应的对策,以期为降低化肥和农药的用量,落实“双减”战略提供参考。     

Bacteria and antibiotic resistance detection in fractures of wild birds from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Spain

Anatomic adaptations make birds more prone to open fractures with exposed bone parts losing vascularization. As a result of this exposure, fractures are colonized by different microorganisms, including different types of bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, causing osteomyelitis in many cases. For this reason, antibiotic treatment is common. However, carrying out antibiotic treatment without carrying out a previous antibiogram may contribute to increased resistance against antibiotics, especially in migratory wild birds. In this paper, bacterial counts regarding fracture type, bacterial identification and antibiotic resistance have been analysed in wild birds from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Spain. The results obtained showed that open fractures had higher bacterial counts (CFU/mL) than closed ones. Bacteria in family Enterobacteriaceae, identified were Escherichia spp., Enterobacter spp., Shigella spp., Hafnia alvei, Proteus mirabilis, Leclercia adecarboxylata and Pantoea agglomerans. Other bacteria present in wild birds’ fractures were Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp. Bacillus wiedmannii and Staphylococcus sciuri. All species found presented resistance to at least one of the antibiotics used. Wild birds can be implicated in the introduction, maintenance and global spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria and represent an emerging public health concern. Results obtained in this paper support the idea that it is necessary to take this fact into account before antibiotic administration to wild animals, since it could increase the number of bacteria resistant to antibiotics.     

辛硫磷-甲氰菊脂Ec等五种农药防治草地蝗虫药效试验报告

通过在贵南县过马营乡哇什塘滩用5种农药进行灭治草地蝗虫的药效试验。表明杀灭灵、辛硫磷每公顷施药量300ml,平均灭效分别为94%和92%,达到了防治标准。而净叶宝、虫必净、绿迪乐与氯氰菊脂混合施用的灭效未能达到防治标准。氯氰菊脂作为对照药品每公顷施药是300ml,平均灭效同样达到了94%的防治标准。     

Conservation value of the herbaceous vegetation in hedgerows - does organic farming make a difference?

The aim was to compare and test differences in the conservation value of hedge bottom vegetation on organic and conventional farms. The studied hedgerows (28 organic and 28 conventional) were on average 14 years old and established in the same way, except that organic hedgerows were established and managed without use of pesticides. We investigated three sample plots of 10 m² in all hedgerows together with a set of 13 explanatory variables. There were no differences in soil texture between hedgerow types but organic farms had higher pH and lower conductivity. Organic farms had higher total N values, which are explained by a slightly higher content of organic matter. There was highly significant interaction between farming type and neighbouring crop type according to soil phosphate concentration. Significantly more plant species were found in the organic hedgerows. The species compositions in organic hedgerows appeared significantly more similar to semi-natural communities when compared with other plant communities. We conclude that organic farming is slightly superior with regard to conservation of herbaceous diversity of hedgerows in intensively cultivated agricultural landscapes. The possible reasons for this are discussed.     

稀土植宝处理对大棚小白菜产量及农药残留量的影响

研究了稀土植宝叶面肥喷施后对大棚小白菜 (油菜 )苏州青农药残留量、产量的影响。结果表明 :稀土植宝处理可显著提高其产量并具有促进农药降解、降低小白菜植株内农药残留量的作用。     

苹果中氯氟氰菊酯残留降解研究

为了解苹果生产过程中氯氟氰菊酯的残留污染及其在苹果中的降解规律,用气相色谱法动态检测了大田苹果中氯氟氰菊酯残留量。结果表明,最后1次施药后苹果中氯氟氰菊酯的残留量顺序为:37.5g/hm2喷施3次>37.5g/hm2喷施2次≈18.8g/hm2喷施3次>18.8g/hm2喷施2次,喷药总量是影响农药残留的主要因素;施药后到采收前,果皮残留浓度是果肉的9～40倍,氯氟氰菊酯的降解为一级动力学模型,半衰期为17.6d,苹果果肉降解速率(T1/2=22.7d)比果皮(T1/2=16.9d)慢。以37.5g/hm2浓度喷3次,30d后苹果中氯氟氰菊酯残留量(<0.02mg/kg)远低于我国和欧盟等国家的最大残留限量要求。