Rust control and EBDC residues in green beans sprayed with mancozeb and sulphur

Rust control and ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) residues in green beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. 'Morgan') were evaluated in two seasons of 1993 in Dschang, Cameroon. Four weekly applications of mancozeb (2.8 kg ha- 1), sulphur (2.24 kg ha- 1), or mancozeb+sulphur (1.4+1.12 kg ha- 1) were initiated from initial rust symptoms. In both seasons, treatments with mancozeb alone resulted in a low area under pustule count progress curve (AUPPC) and a significant increase in leaf area index, and pod and green fodder yields. Pod yields were negatively correlated with AUPPC. Pod yield loss was estimated at 61% and 32% in the early and late seasons, respectively, while losses in green fodder yields were 57% and 24% respectively. EBDC residue levels decreased significantly with a delay in pod harvestand when pods were washed in running tap water. Residue levels were high in the late season, possibly due to low rainfall. Pods exposed to the combined fungicidal treatments accumulated higher levels of residues than those sprayed with mancozeb alone, suggesting a potential risk of EBDC accumulation on pods when EBDCs are mixed with sulphur.     

土栖白蚁防治施药技术研究

通过常规施药、掩体施药、早晚施药和分群孔内施药对比试验,经统计分析：掩体施药和早晚施药方法,防治土栖白蚁效果最佳,白蚁巢穴死亡率分别达到82．43％、86.97％。     

基于万维网大数据的农药场地土壤污染快速预测方法研究

及时高效预测和筛查潜在农药污染场地对环境污染风险管控具有重要意义。基于万维网公开的46个农药场地样本数据,利用五分制层次分析法建立农药场地土壤污染快速预测指标体系,包括产品特征、局部气候条件、土壤属性和场地生产特征4个因素及其相应的产品毒性、持久性、气温、降水、风速、光照、土壤质地、土壤pH、有机质含量、生产时间和闲置时间11个特征指标。其中,农药场地生产时间、产品毒性及其持久性指标五分制分级后与农药场地土壤污染均存在显著线性相关性,三个指标不同组合对场地土壤污染的线性综合预测精度小于65%,而基于11个指标的机器学习方法综合预测精度为82%,但存在污染场地严重漏判问题。以综合评价指数值P≥0.6作为农药场地土壤污染的预测阈值,五分制层次分析法综合预测精度达到91%,优于线性预测以及机器学习方法,具有关键数据需求少、预测快速高效特点,体现 “宁严勿漏”的预测原则,可用于各类型农药场地的土壤污染筛查。     

甘蔗蓟马防治新农药试验

采用多种新农药进行甘蔗蓟马防治试验。结果表明,绿园、伊维能有效防治甘蔗蓟马,防效均达80%以上,是进行甘蔗蓟马防治较为有效的药剂。     

Assessing the deposition and canopy penetration of nozzles with different spray qualities in an oat (Avena sativa L.) canopy

Consistent spray coverage that is evenly distributed throughout the canopy is necessary to control pest populations that can negatively affect yield. As applicators are switching to Coarser spray quality nozzles to reduce risk and liability of pesticide spray drift, concerns about efficacy loss are growing. Previous research has indicated that small droplets are the most effective at penetrating through crop canopies, but newer nozzle technologies have improved the effectiveness of larger droplet or Coarser sprays. Research was conducted to assess the canopy penetration of nozzles that produce Coarse, Very-Coarse and Extremely-Coarse spray qualities compared to nozzles that produce Fine and Medium spray qualities. Kromekote collectors were positioned in four configurations in an oat (Avena sativa L.) var. ‘Yarran’ (AusWest Seeds, Forbes, NSW, Australia) crop to quantify the coverage and droplet number densities (droplets cm⁻²) across three application carrier volume rates: 50, 75 and 100 L ha⁻¹. Applications were made in the field in 30 cm tall, tillering oats, with collectors arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The entire study was repeated on the following day. Results showed that droplet number densities were inversely related to the droplet size produced by the nozzles, yet coverage was increased more by application volume rate than droplet size. Thus, both spray drift reduction and improved canopy penetration can be achieved with proper nozzle selection and operation parameters for the control of agronomic pests.     

Farmers' knowledge and perception of grain legume pests and their management in the Eastern province of Kenya

Grain legumes play an important role in community livelihood and in the national economy in Kenya. Unfortunately, in many African countries, production doesn't satisfy the demand in grains due to various constrains. Understanding farmers practices and behavior in the management of grain legume pests is a crucial step in the development of sustainable management strategies. A total of 216 farmers were surveyed in eight districts of eastern Kenya to evaluate farmers' knowledge and perceptions of grain legume pests; to examine current pest management practices, and to identify other production constraints. Grain legumes are grown by a wide age-group of farmers, with both genders equally represented. Chemical control remains the main pest management strategy, and, to ensure pesticide effectiveness, farmers also use increased application rates, chemical alternation, frequent application and mixtures of chemicals. While farmers used other control measures, they showed only limited interest in biological control. The majority of the farmers had experience in grain legume farming and were able to identify the major pests, which were the legume flower thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch and the legume pod borer Maruca vitrata Fabricius. Our survey revealed that education and proximity to extension services contributed significantly to farmers' knowledge of grain legume pests, suggesting the need to provide continuous training and capacity building on integrated pest management in grain legume farming. The study also suggests integration of other pest management strategies such as the use of early maturing varieties, biopesticides and biofertilizer to reduce the use of chemical for sustainable pest management.     

锐劲特和阿维菌素混用防治稻纵卷叶螟效果试验

为评价锐劲特和阿维菌素混合使用对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果,进行本试验,试验结果表明：在稻纵卷叶螟幼虫高峰期每667m^2用10ml、15ml、20ml、25ml锐劲特5％SC分别加8ml、12ml、16ml、20ml阿维菌素1．8％EC混合使用防治稻纵卷叶螟,防治效果达85．29％～98．12％,其中以25ml锐劲特5％SC加20ml阿维菌素1．8％EC防效最佳,达98．12％;以15ml锐劲特5％SC加12ml阿维菌素1．8％EC农药成本相对较低,防治效果仍达91．61％,比667m^2用300ml杀虫双18％AC防效显著（P〈0．05）提高28．34％,可大面积推广应用。     

中国蔬菜产业发展中化肥和农药使用问题的思考

针对蔬菜中化肥和农药过量施用产生的重大问题,该文做了客观分析和思考,并提出了相应的对策,以期为降低化肥和农药的用量,落实“双减”战略提供参考。     

辛硫磷-甲氰菊脂Ec等五种农药防治草地蝗虫药效试验报告

通过在贵南县过马营乡哇什塘滩用5种农药进行灭治草地蝗虫的药效试验。表明杀灭灵、辛硫磷每公顷施药量300ml,平均灭效分别为94%和92%,达到了防治标准。而净叶宝、虫必净、绿迪乐与氯氰菊脂混合施用的灭效未能达到防治标准。氯氰菊脂作为对照药品每公顷施药是300ml,平均灭效同样达到了94%的防治标准。     

Conservation value of the herbaceous vegetation in hedgerows - does organic farming make a difference?

The aim was to compare and test differences in the conservation value of hedge bottom vegetation on organic and conventional farms. The studied hedgerows (28 organic and 28 conventional) were on average 14 years old and established in the same way, except that organic hedgerows were established and managed without use of pesticides. We investigated three sample plots of 10 m² in all hedgerows together with a set of 13 explanatory variables. There were no differences in soil texture between hedgerow types but organic farms had higher pH and lower conductivity. Organic farms had higher total N values, which are explained by a slightly higher content of organic matter. There was highly significant interaction between farming type and neighbouring crop type according to soil phosphate concentration. Significantly more plant species were found in the organic hedgerows. The species compositions in organic hedgerows appeared significantly more similar to semi-natural communities when compared with other plant communities. We conclude that organic farming is slightly superior with regard to conservation of herbaceous diversity of hedgerows in intensively cultivated agricultural landscapes. The possible reasons for this are discussed.