4种农药对枇杷园土壤磷酸酶活性及微生物呼吸的影响

应用室内培养方法研究了甲基托布津、代森锰锌、杀灭菊酯、阿维菌素4种农药对枇杷园土壤磷酸酶活性及微生物呼吸的影响,并对4种农药进行了安全性评价。结果表明,经杀菌剂甲基托布津和代森锰锌处理的土壤,磷酸酶活性受到明显抑制,且抑制效果未见恢复。经杀灭菊酯和阿维菌素处理的土壤,磷酸酶活性变化呈现"抑制-恢复-激活"趋势;抑制作用随农药浓度的升高而增强;但7d后磷酸酶活性受到了一定程度的激活,35d达到最高值;高浓度杀灭菊酯和低浓度阿维菌素显示出较强的激活作用。农药对土壤微生物呼吸作用的影响初期表现为轻微激活,5d后出现抑制作用,12d后基本恢复正常,接近对照水平。通过安全性评价可知,供试4种农药对土壤微生物的危害较小,为无毒害或无实际危害的农药。     

农产品农药残留的标准、检测和降解技术的研究进展

概述了农产品中的农药残留标准现状、农药残留分析方法及存在问题和国内外降解农药残留研 究的主要成果,介绍了当前国内外在农药残留分析中应用的固相萃取、微波辅助萃取及固相微萃取等样 品前处理技术,以及在农药残留的降解脱除中应用的超声波清洗和电离辐射等物理方法、臭氧氧化技术 和光降解等化学方法、细茵和真菌等微生物降解方法等,并针对我国的实际情况提出了今后农药残留研 究的重点和方向。     

The social construction of production externalities in contemporary agriculture: Process <Emphasis Type="Italic">versus</Emphasis> product standards as the basis for defining “organic”

The analysis distinguishes two types of standards for defining organic produce; process standards and product standards. Process standards define organic products by the method and means of production. Product standards define organic by the physical quality of the end product. The National Organic Program (NOP) uses process standards as the basis for defining organic. However, the situation is complicated by agricultural production practices, which sometimes result in the migration of NOP prohibited substances from conventional to organic fields. When this interaction alters the value of the product or the costs of production, a production externality is said to exist. Defining organic using process, rather than product standards, influences the burden and character of production externalities. The NOPs emphasis on process standards reduces the likelihood that production externalities will emerge.B. James Deaton is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Business and Agricultural Economics, University of Guelph, Canada. His research examines environmental and natural resource issues. He is particularly interested in the manner in which laws, rules, and standards influence environmental quality, natural resource use, and economic development. Additional research examines the relationship between different forms of private property and economic development, public support for various criteria used to preserve farmland, and the social construction of production externalities in agriculture. Prior to his PhD training, he worked on economic development projects in Lesotho (Southern Africa) and the Appalachian region of eastern Kentucky.John P. Hoehn is a Professor of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics in the Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University. His teaching and research activities address environmental and natural resource policies, benefit-cost analysis of environmental improvements, methods for valuing non-market goods, improved institutions for protecting, managing, and using environmental resources, and the economics of ecological resources. He teaches core courses in the departmental and university-wide graduate programs in environmental and resource economics.     

前处理过程中采用活性炭过滤对蔬菜有机磷农残测定的影响

[目的]了解活性炭对蔬菜有机磷农药残留测定的影响。[方法]在西葫芦样品中添加一定量的7种有机磷农药混合标准溶液制成一定浓度的模拟加标样品,进行活性炭过滤和不使用活性炭过滤2种前处理,气相色谱法测定蔬菜中有机磷农药残留。[结果]活性炭过滤处理的7种有机磷农药的回收率都低于不使用活性炭处理。活性炭过滤后,甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷、甲拌磷和毒死蜱的回收率都低于70%。不使用活性炭过滤处理的相对标准偏差为3.9%~7.7%,活性炭过滤处理的相对标准偏差为5.3%~18.2%,均符合要求。[结论]在前处理过程中采用活性炭过滤,会降低有机磷的回收率,影响测定结果,所以尽量不用活性炭。     

茶树生态系中的立体污染链与阻控

 运用农业立体污染的新概念，针对茶树和茶叶本身的特点，剖析了来自土壤、水源、空气中性质各异的污染物，包括农药残留、铅、氟、铝、硝酸盐、多环芳烃（PAHs）、多氯代二苯并二恶英/呋喃（PCDD/PCDF）等，在水-土、土-气、土-植物等不同相或界面间的相互交换和迁移特性。论述了茶园生态系中的立体污染链以及污染物对不同界面的偏嗜性和界面间转移的时空特征，分析了中国茶叶生产中的立体污染问题。在对茶叶中几种污染物安全性风险评价的基础上，从清洁化生产角度，讨论了不同界面间污染源的控制和污染链防阻技术和应用，探讨了未来创新研究的重点领域。     

农药混剂中单剂搭配和最佳配比选择研究

针对农药混剂中单剂搭配和最佳配比选择的几种方法的片面性,从群体遗传学角度推导了靶标物对农药混剂的抗性选择模型,指出以抑制抗药性产生和发展为目的的农药混剂在单剂选择上应以ω·ω′≤ρ·ρ′为准;在防治敏感型靶标物时,为了避免抗药性的产生,其单剂配比应以等保存率时的剂量比为准（ρ＝ρ′）;在防治对单剂已产生抗性,且抗性表观型适合度不高的靶标物时,其单剂配比应以保存率等于适合度时的剂量比为准（ρ＝ω,ρ′＝ω′）。     

农药残留酶联免疫吸附分析技术研究进展

酶联免疫吸附分析法具有灵敏度高、特异性强、方便快捷的特点,在现场筛选和大量样品的快速检测中显示了其独特的优势。简要介绍了农药残留酶联免疫吸附分析技术的关键环节及其应用,并对该技术存在的问题和应用前景进行了讨论。     

几种杀虫剂对苹果黄蚜防治作用研究

通过试验,明确了各种试验药剂对苹果主要害虫蚜虫的防治效果和施药技术,以及对非靶标有益昆虫的安全性,筛选出高毒农药替代产品,为安全、合理使用和大面积推广提供一定理伦依据。     

农药残留对农业的影响及对策

化学农药的不合理使用,使得农药残留对我国农业和经济发展造成了严重的影响,主要表现在:影响到人民生活质量;限制了我国农副产品的对外贸易;阻碍我国绿色农业的发展。针对这种现状,为逐步解决农药残留危害问题,本文初步提出了解决对策:坚持“高效、安全、经济、便利”的农药发展方向;大力发展新型无公害农药;加强农药市场管理;成立集团公司,统筹安排农药生产、经营和销售。