对省级重点实验室管理的几点建议——以河北省农林科学院为例

以河北省农林科学院为例,阐述了省级重点实验室的建设情况及其在科技工作中发挥的重要作用,并提出了加强省级重点实验室管理的建议。     

液压桩锤性能评价体系及其试验方法的研究

在总结新型液压桩锤样机设计、制造、试验和试运行工作的基础上,参照柴油锤技术条件与试验方法国家标准,借鉴国外同类产品的样本、论文、技术说明书等文献资料,根据液压桩锤的结构组成和运行机理,对该种产品提出性能评价的指标体系和出厂台架试验方法。为技术成果的产业化提供技术依据。     

An approach for precision farming under pivot irrigation system using remote sensing and GIS techniques

The current work is aimed to realizing land and water use efficiency and determining the profitability of precision farming economically and environmentally. The studied area is represented by an experimental pivot irrigation field cultivated with maize in Ismailia province, Egypt. Two field practices were carried out during the successive summer growing seasons (2008 and 2009) to study the response of maize plants single hybrid 10 (S.H.10) to traditional and precision farming practices. Traditional farming (TF) as handled by the farm workers were observed and noted carefully. On the other hand precision farming (PF) practices included field scouting, grid soil sampling, variable rate technology and its applications. After applying PF a dramatic change in management zones was noticed and three management zones (of total four) were merged to be more homogenous representing 84.3% of the pivot irrigation field.Under PF Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System techniques have played a vital role in the variable rate applications that were defined due to management zones requirements. Fertilizers were added in variable rates, so that rationalization of fertilizers saved 23.566 tonnes/experimental pivot area. Natural drainage system was improved by designing vertical holes to break down massive soil layers and to leach excessive salts. Crop water requirements were determined in variable rate according to the actual plant requirements using SEBAL model with the aid of FAO Cropwat model. Irrigation schedule of maize was adopted considering soil water retention, depletion, gross and net irrigation saving an amount of water equal to 93,718 m³ in the pivot irrigation field (153.79 acre). However costs of applying PF were much higher than TF, the economic profitability (returns-costs) achieved remarkable increase of 29.89% as a result of crop yield increment by 1000, 2100, 800 and 200 kg/acre in the management zones 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Finally applying adequate amounts of fertilizers beside water control the environmental hazards was reduced to the acceptable limits.     

基于改进BP神网络的离心泵性能预测

采用改进神经网络(贝叶斯正则化算法)对IB型单级离心泵水力模型的性能进行了预测,通过工程实践中得到的100组离心泵最优几何尺寸来训练网络,并用训练好的网络对需生产的水泵进行工况预测。结果显示,用改进神经网络来预测单级离心泵的性能,预测误差不超过6%。     

Evaluation of smallholder pig production systems in North Vietnam: Pig production management and pig performances

This study investigated the productive adaptability of pig breeds under different smallholder production conditions in Vietnam, comparing an indigenous with a Vietnamese improved breed. Fieldwork was conducted in four villages with different remoteness in North Vietnam from 2001 to 2002, in 64 households keeping the improved Mong Cai or indigenous Ban as sow breeds and progeny for fattening. Four visits per farm yielded 234 structured interviews. Reproductive performances were derived from 135 litters. Individual weights of pigs (n = 755) were obtained. Data were analysed by regression, linear and generalised linear, especially loglinear models.

Two distinct pig production systems were identified, that differed in remoteness, market access, resource availability, distribution of pig breeds and pig production intensity. Higher performances of 1.4 and 1.5 litters year^− 1, 8.4 and 8.4 piglets weaned litter^− 1, 66.6 and 93.0 kg piglets weaned sow^− 1 year^− 1, and 136 and 177 g day^− 1 ADG were found in two villages near town with semi-intensive production conditions and a high rate of improved Mong Cai sows and MC and LW × MC offspring in the observed population. Lower performances of 1.1 and 1.1 litters year^− 1, 4.6 and 5.5 piglets weaned litter^− 1, 20.5 and 30.9 kg piglets weaned sow^− 1 year^− 1, and 66 and 85 g day^− 1 ADG were observed in parallel to higher incidences of indigenous Ban pigs away from town under extensive conditions. Total live weight offtake per household per year was higher near town and in one village distant to town. MC and LW × MC remained even under demand-driven conditions below the performance potential reported for improved genotypes. Under resource-driven conditions with a saving-oriented production pattern, the higher-yielding but more demanding Mong Cai might not be an efficient production alternative as a further performance reduction can be assumed. A considerable live weight output was observed under resource-driven conditions and with a higher percentage of crossbred LW × Ban offspring in the population, possibly representing a promising production alternative. Factors influencing the performance expression of pigs, and the suitability of different methods for the assessment of performance parameters on-farm are discussed.     

Demonstrating decline of an iconic species under sustained indigenous harvest – The pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) in Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea has astonishing biological and cultural diversity which, coupled with a strong community reliance on the land and its biota for subsistence, add complexity to monitoring and conservation and in particular, the demonstration of declines in wildlife populations. Many species of concern are long-lived which provides additional challenges for conservation. We provide, for the first time, concrete evidence of a substantive decline in populations of the pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta); an important source of protein for local communities. Our study combined matched village and market surveys separated by 30 years, trends in nesting female size, and assessment of levels and efficacy of harvest, each of which was an essential ingredient to making a definitive assessment of population trends. Opportunities for an effective response by local communities to these declines needs to consider both conservation and fisheries perspectives because local communities consider the turtle a food resource, whereas the broader global community views it as a high priority for conservation. Our study in the Kikori region is representative of harvest regimes in most rivers within the range of the species in Papua New Guinea, and provides lessons for conservation of many other wildlife species subject to harvest.     

Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins in calves

Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins has long been accepted as imperative to optimal calf health. Many factors, including timing of colostrum ingestion, the method and volume of colostrum administration, the immunoglobulin concentration of the colostrum ingested, and the age of the dam have been implicated in affecting the optimization of absorption. The practice of colostrum pooling, the breed and presence of the dam, and the presence of respiratory acidosis in the calf also may affect passive transfer. Various tests have been reported to accurately measure passive transfer status in neonatal calves. The radial immunodiffusion and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the only tests that directly measure serum IgG concentration. All other available tests including serum total solids by refractometry, sodium sulfite turbidity test, zinc sulfate turbidity test, serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity, and whole blood glutaraldehyde gelation estimate serum IgG concentration based on concentration of total globulins or other proteins whose passive transfer is statistically associated with that of IgG. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature of passive transfer in calves including factors that affect passive transfer status, testing modalities, effects of failure of passive transfer on baseline mortality, consequences of failure of passive transfer, and some treatment options. Many previously accepted truisms regarding passive transfer in calves should be rejected based on the results of recent research.     

几类异质1B/1R小麦雄性不育系育性稳定性与育性恢复性的研究

 系统考察了偏、粘、易和二角4种异质1B/1R小麦雄性不育类型的育性稳定性和育性恢复性，测定了它们杂种F#-1中雌雄可育（1B）与不育（1BL/1RS）配子的传递率。结果表明：（1）其不育性可分为完全不育；转育过程中从低到高世代育性一直分离；低世代不育，高世代育性分离至全育3种类型。欲使不育性既稳定又易恢复，应注意选择仅含主效不育基因（或不带有任何修饰基因的1RS片段）的不育核型是一关键。（2）4种异质全不育系和它们的恢复系，各自核内的育性基因系列组成在不同品种（系）中分布不同，这与其恢复性直接相关。全不育系核内是以单对主效不育基因[（或是1RS片段）A#-1]和单对主效不育基因+抑制基因（A#-2）两种形式存在。恢复系核内则有4种形式：即主效恢复基因+微效可育基因（C#-1）；主效恢复基因（C#-2）；主效恢复基因+抑制基因（C#-3）；仅含微效可育基因（C#-4）。它们彼此结合后可构成8种育性表现，其中，仅3种育性基因组合方式（A#-1×C#-1 、A#-1×C#-2和A#-2×C#-1）恢复度最高，而且较稳定。而其余5种组配形式都易受环境条件的影响，有着较大的恢复度变异。（3）杂种F#-1中的1BL/1RS不育配子雌雄传递率明显不同，在雄配子中极低，甚至部分组合为零。从而使F#-1恢复度很大程度上由1B配子的数量和授粉时对1BL/1RS配子的补偿能力来决定。     

浅谈高校实验室的建设与管理

实验室在高校人才培养中起着十分重要的作用，通过实验教学可以培养学生专业技能，独立工作能力和实践动手能力，因此要想达到良好的教育、教学效果，培养出更多高素质的应用型人才，必须加强实验室的建设与管理。     

饲料企业进销存管理信息系统的功能分析与设计

根据饲料企业现状和发展趋势,综合饲料企业的物流管理,构建饲料企业的进销存管理信息系统,并引入地理信息系统,通过对空间数据的统计和分析,帮助决策企业运作政策。