碳酸氢钠添加剂对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量的影响

选择体重、胎次、泌乳期、乳脂率和产奶量基本一致的健康无病荷斯坦奶牛12头,随机分成四组,每组3头,即试验1组,试验2组,试验3组和对照组,在试验组奶牛的混合精料中分别添加碳酸氢钠50g／头,100g／头,150g／头。试验前后相比,试验组与对照组的产奶量都呈下降趋势,1组,2组,3组与对照组的产奶量分别下降了1．95kg,1．47kg,2．17kg,3．73kg,Ⅰ组,2组,3组与对照组相比,乳脂率、4％标准乳分别提高了3．82％,5．88％,5．00％,10．54％（P〈0．05）,12．60％（P〈0．01）8．36％（P〈0．05）。     

硒对日本沼虾耐受亚硝酸钠胁迫的作用

[目的]研究亚硝酸钠胁迫下饲料中添加适量的有机硒（富硒酵母）对日本沼虾抗氧化酶活性的影响。[方法]在饲料中添加适量的有机硒,测定虾体肌肉中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。[结果]SOD活性随着亚硝酸钠浓度的增加先升高后降低,试验组沼虾的SOD活性高于无硒对照组。[结论]在饲料中添加适量浓度的有机硒后能够增强SOD活性,而且有助于增强日本沼虾机体的抗氧化能力。     

外源一氧化氮供体SNP对水稻叶片中由硒引起的脂质过氧化的调节作用

一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)是植物中一种重要的信号分子, 在诱导种子萌发, 影响植物生长发育, 促进植物细胞衰亡等方面发挥着重要作用。然而对于外源NO是否参与了Se诱导的脂质过氧化调节过程仍不为人知。我们研究了0.2 μmol L^-1和20 μmol L^-1Na₂SeO₃及一氧化氮供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside, SNP)处理对水稻叶片叶绿素、H₂O₂和硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, TBARS)含量, 愈创木酚过氧化物酶(guaiacol peroxidase, GPX)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase, APX)活性等生理生化指标的影响。结果表明, 1 μmol L^-1SNP处理促进GPX、APX和CAT活性, 缓解膜脂过氧化, 降低TBARS含量;显著提高0.2 μmol L^-1Na₂SeO₃处理下水稻叶片中叶绿素含量。在20 μmol L^-1Na₂SeO₃处理下, 外加1 μmol L^-1SNP更加显著促进GPX和CAT活性, 与此同时明显降低20 μmol L^-1Na₂SeO₃处理引起的H₂O₂含量上升, 并降低TBARS含量。NO对植物中由Se引起的脂质过氧化具有调节作用。     

Comparative efficacy of conventional and new rodenticides against Microtus arvalis (Pallas, 1778) in wheat and alfalfa crops

In order to compare the efficacies of new rodenticides (sodium selenite and cellulose) and conventional ones (bromadiolone, brodifacoum and cholecalciferol) in controlling Microtus arvalis (Pallas, 1778) in wheat and alfalfa crops, experiments were conducted at two sites near Belgrade, Serbia, in the spring of 2008, using a standard EPPO method. The presence of rodent populations, their spatial distribution and density indexes were evaluated by pre-treatment census, and rodenticide efficacy by counting active holes 14 and 28 days after treatment.     

Evidences of osteoporosis improvement in Wistar rats treated with Ginkgo biloba extract: A histomorphometric study of mandible and femur

This study was aimed at investigating the anti-osteoporotic effects of the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) in glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis. A significant reduction was observed in the percentage of the bone of the osteoporosis group in both the mandible and femur. The EGb group treated with 28 and 56 mg/Kg showed a significant increase in the percentage of trabecular bone (PTB) of the femur. The percentage of the alveolar bone of the mandible (PAB) had a significant increase with all doses of EGb. The treatment with EGb significantly reversed the loss of the PAB of the mandible and of the PTB of the femur.     

Silicon supplements affect floricultural quality traits and elemental nutrient concentrations of greenhouse produced gerbera

In greenhouse production most floricultural crops are cultivated in soilless substrates with limited concentrations of the beneficial element silicon (Si). Inclusion of supplemental silicon in greenhouse production is reported to affect the quality of several herbaceous plants that accumulate Si in their tissue. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of different Si sources and concentrations on the floricultural quality traits, the Si accumulation in plant tissues and the leaf tissue concentrations of other elemental nutrients of greenhouse produced gerbera (Gerbera hybrid L. ‘Acapella’). Potassium silicate (KSiO₃) substrate incorporation or weekly substrate drench, sodium silicate (NaSiO₃) foliar application, and rice husk ash substrate incorporation were used as Si supplements. Gerbera plants supplemented with several Si source and rate combinations, particularly NaSiO₃ foliar sprays, produced thicker flower peduncles, increased flower diameters, increased height, and flowered earlier than non-supplemented controls. Gerbera plants grown in Si-supplemented media all accumulated higher levels of silicon in leaf, peduncle and flower tissues than non-supplemented controls. Leaf concentrations of macronutrients, such as sulfur and potassium, and micronutrients such as, boron, copper, iron, and manganese, were slightly changed among Si-supplemented plants. Foliar sprays of NaSiO₃ at a rate of 150 mg Si L⁻¹ caused stem shortening and flower deformation. However, silicon supplements can improve the floricultural traits of greenhouse grown gerberas, but forms and rates of Si must be optimized.     

Comparison of Gypsum and Sulfuric Acid for Sodic Soil Reclamation

In some field and laboratory studies , H2SO4 has shown better reclamation efficiency than gypsum, but the explanation for this has been debated. We tested the hypothesis that significant amounts of HCO might be formed during the reaction of HSO3 with CaCO3 leading to additional Ca2+ in solution and enhanced displacement of exchangeble Na +. To determine if H2SO4 is more efficient than gypsum , we compared four equivalent treatments of H2SO4 and gypsum on three soils and two clay minerals. Gypsum and H2SO4 were reacted with calcareous sodic soils and clay minerals in closed-system batch studies, with CO2 pressures typical of soil root zones. Column studies comparing two equivalent treatments of H2SO4 and gypsum were conducted on one of the soils and produced results comparable to the batch studies. Soluble ions, electrical conductivities (EC), and mineral saturation indices were determined and compared between treatments . Clay dispersion and average dispersed particle size were compared between amendments on bentonite . When H2SO4 was applied to calcite in the absence of exchangeable sodium (soil), the solution was fourfold oversaturated with respect to gypsum. This was not observed in the soils because the exchange phase of the soil was a sink for Ca2+. In the soils, there was significantly more HCO3 in all H2SO4 treatments, with an average of 8 % of the H+ applied producing H3CO3. The concentration of dispersed clay was significantly less in three of the four H2SO4 treatments on bentonite , while the mean particle diameter was significantly larger in two of the four treatments , suggesting better tactoid preservation . Compared to equivalent soil gypsum treat ments, H2SO4 generally caused (1) lower sodium adsorption ratios , (2) more soluble Ca 2+ and Mg2+, (3) lower pH , and (4) greater EC. In the calcareous sodic soils and clays we tested , it appears gypsum supersaturation , HCO3 production , lower pH , and higher EC frequently contributed to better reclamation with H2SO4.     

Effects of apelin-13 on transient sodium currents in rat ischemic ventricular myocardial cells

AIM：To investigate the effects of apelin on ventricular arrythmias and cardiac functions in rat Langendorff perfusion-simulated myocardial ischemia model by observing the changes of transient sodium currents (INa) in normal cells and the simulated ischemic cells in rat left ventricle. METHODS：Ventricular cells were enzymatically isolated by the Langendorff perfusion system. INa was recorded by the technique of whole-cell patch-clamp. Some elements in the extracellular fluid were changed to simulate the normal or ischemic status. Forty Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups：normal group, ischemic group, normal with apelin group and ischemic with apelin group. The effect of apelin-13 on INa was observed. The method of rat Langendorff perfusion was used to simulate the ischemic heart model. The ventricular arrhythmia scores and heart functional parameters were compared. The expression level of sodium channel protein,type V,alpha subunit (SCN5A) in ventricular ischemic cells was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS： Apelin-13 increased INa amplitude in both normal myocardial cells ［(-86±13） pA/pF］ and ischemic myocardial cells ［(-52±15） pA/pF］. The results of current-voltage curve analysis indicated that apelin-13 did not change the conduction velocity of INa in the 4 groups ［(3.2±0.2） pS/pF, （3.1±0.3） pS/pF,（2.9±0.1）pS/pF and （2.8±0.4） pS/pF,respectively, P>0.05］. The membrane potentials at 50% maximal activation in the 4 groups were （-21.9±0.6） mV, （-28.7±0.3） mV, （-30.5±0.7） mV and （-36.8±0.2） mV, respectively, and the slope of activation curves was 5.6±0.3, 5.1±0.4, 4.3±0.3 and 4.9±0.6 (P>0.05), respectively. No difference of ventricular arrhythmia scores between normal group and normal with apelin group, as well as between ischemic group and ischemic with apelin group was observed. LVEDP in normal with apelin group was lower than that in normal group.The dp/dtmax and dp/dtmin in normal with apelin group were higher than those in normal group. Apelin improved cardiac function parameters in the ischemic hearts. The expression of SCN5A was not affected by apelin (28.8±3.6, 29.4±4.1, 30.1±2.9 and 31.3±3.8,respectively,P>0.05). CONCLUSION：Apelin-13 changes the gating properties of sodium channel, enhances the peak INa and facilitates the opening of sodium channel without inducing ventricular arrhythmias. Apelin-13 has a positive inotropic effect on both normal and ischemic hearts.     

海藻酸钠固定化细菌对毒死蜱的降解特性

毒死蜱的生产和使用日趋广泛,由其造成的环境污染和危害不容忽视。微生物是影响有机磷农药在环境中降解的最主要因素,也被认为是降解有机磷农药最可靠而高效的途径。固定化技术是提高微生物降解农药效率的有效方法之一。本研究以海藻酸钠为载体,采用注射器滴定法将蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cer-eus)HY-1用海藻酸钠溶胶包埋,研究了反应时间、固定化菌接入量、pH和毒死蜱初始浓度对毒死蜱降解的影响以及固定化菌的重复使用效果。结果表明:海藻酸钠固定化菌能够高效降解基础培养基中的毒死蜱,制备固定化小球海藻酸钠溶胶的最适浓度为2.5%(w/v),小球的平均粒径为3 mm。在培养时间为60 h时,固定化菌对100 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率达到最大。固定化小球接入量为160 g·L-1时,对100 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率最高。固定化菌对毒死蜱的降解有着较宽泛的pH适应范围,碱性环境更有利于其对毒死蜱的有效降解。当毒死蜱初始浓度为80 mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1时,固定化菌对毒死蜱的降解率较高,达90%左右。固定化菌可重复利用降解毒死蜱,当利用4次后,固定化小球虽已发生崩解,但对100 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率仍高达47%。因此,海藻酸钠固定化蜡状芽孢杆菌对水体中毒死蜱的降解率较高,环境适应性较强,固定化菌可在毒死蜱污染的净化去毒方面发挥重要作用。     

Preparation of regenerated cellulose fiber via carbonation. I. Carbonation and dissolution in an aqueous NaOH solution

Cellulose carbonate was prepared by the reaction of cellulose pulp and CO₂ with treatment reagents, such as aqueous ZnCl₂ (20–40 wt%) solution, acetone or ethyl acetate, at −5–0°C and 30–40 bar (CO₂) for 2 hr. Among the treatment reagents, ethyl acetate was the most effective. Cellulose carbonate was dissolved in 10% sodium hydroxide solution containing zinc oxide up to 3 wt% at −5–0°C. Intrinsic viscosities of raw cellulose and cellulose carbonate were measured with an Ubbelohde viscometer using 0.5 M cupriethylenediamine hydroxide (cuen) as a solvent at 20°C according to ASTM D1795 method. The molecular weight of cellulose was rarely changed by carbonation. Solubility of cellulose carbonate was tested by optical microscopic observation, UV absorbance and viscosity measurement. Phase diagram of cellulose carbonate was obtained by combining the results of solubility evaluation. Maximum concentration of cellulose carbonate for soluble zone was increased with increasing zinc oxide content. Cellulose carbonate solution in good soluble zone was transparent and showed the lowest absorbance and the highest viscosity. The cellulose carbonate and its solution were stable in refrigerator (−5°C and atmospheric pressure).