种植密度和刈割频率对杂交狼尾草产量和品质的影响

于2009年4-10月在河北邯郸采用大田试验种植杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum)种茎,研究不同种植密度(6944,13889,27778株·hm^-2)和不同刈割频率(2、4、6次·年^-1)对其生长及产量的影响,为杂交狼尾草在某些生态条件下的高产栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:当密度为13889株·hm^-2时,产量最大,茎叶比也最大,粗蛋白含量随种植密度增加而呈下降趋势;当一年刈割2次时,鲜草产量最高;而刈割次数越多,茎叶比越小,鲜干比越大,粗蛋白含量越高,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)越低,品质则越好;当种植密度为13889株·hm^-2、刈割2次时,鲜草产量最高,达198.10 t·hm^-2;当种植密度为27778株·hm^-2、刈割6次时,粗蛋白含量最高,达到17.88%。综合分析,杂交狼尾草要达到高产高品质,研究地区适宜种植杂交狼尾草的密度为13889株·hm^-2,适宜刈割频率为4次·年^-1。     

Morphology and Taxonomy of Xiphinema(Nematoda:Longidoridae) Occurring in Arkansas,USA

In a survey, primarily from the rhizosphere of hardwood trees growing on sandy stream banks, for longidorids, 828 soil samples were collected from 37 Arkansas counties in 1999-2001. One hundred twenty-seven populations of Xiphinema were recovered from 452 of the 828 soil samples (54.6%), including 71 populations of X. americanum sensu lato, 33 populations of X. bakeri, 23 populations of X. chambersi and one population of X. krugi. The morphological and morphometric characteristics of these Arkansas species are presented. Morphological and morphometric characteristics are also given for two populations of X. krugi from Hawaii and North Carolina.     

刈割频率对皇竹草产量及其光合生理生态的影响

采用每30(T1)、60(T2)、90(T3)、120d(T4)刈割1次4个处理,分析刈割频率与产量的关系以及刈割频率对光合生理生态的影响。结果表明:皇竹草的刈割频率对产量有着至关重要的影响。在湛江地区,不同处理的皇竹草的产量高低为T3T2T1T4,不同处理的皇竹草的同化能力强弱为T3T2T1T4,T3处理的皇竹草产量最高,为最佳刈割频率。     

The Control of Cercospora Leafspot on Groundnuts in Malawi and its Effect on the Parameters of Yield

Abstract

Leafspot is one of the major factors which limits the yield of the groundnut crop in Malawi. The most effective and economical uses of fungicidal dusts and water-based sprays to control the disease, are described. Data are also presented to show how the use of such fungicides affects parameters of yield such as numbers, size, weight and quality of kernels, and weight and quality of haulms.     

3种牧草不同搭配方式对胜红蓟的替代控制

研究3种牧草不同搭配方式对胜红蓟的替代控制效果,为入侵杂草胜红蓟的防控提供植物种和替代控制方法.在田间条件下,通过将白三叶、杂交甜高粱、杂交狼尾草3种牧草两两等比例搭配后与胜红蓟按2∶1混种,建立3种不同的替代控制方式,动态监测各群落(种群)植物、土壤微生物指标,评价3种牧草两两等比例搭配对胜红蓟的替代控制效果.结果表明:白三叶、杂交甜高梁等比例搭配对胜红蓟进行替代控制时,2种牧草株高严重受阻,牧草相对盖度占优,Simpson指数和Shannon-wiener指数均变大,胜红蓟重要值变小,土壤真菌增多,细菌、放线菌减少;白三叶、杂交狼尾草等比例搭配对胜红蓟进行替代控制时,2种牧草株高不受阻,牧草相对盖度占优,Simpson指数变大,Shannon-wiener指数变小,胜红蓟重要值变小,土壤真菌增多,细菌、放线菌减少;杂交狼尾草和杂交甜高粱等比例搭配对胜红蓟进行替代控制时,杂交狼尾草株高不受阻,但杂交甜高梁株高严重受阻,牧草相对盖度占优,Simpson指数变小,Shannon-wiener指数变大,胜红蓟重要值变小,土壤细菌增多,真菌、放线菌减少.总体来看,白三叶和杂交狼尾草可以等比例搭配作为胜红蓟替代控制材料,且替代控制效果较好;白三叶和杂交甜高粱、杂交甜高粱和杂交狼尾草不宜等比例搭配作为胜红蓟的替代控制材料.     

Influence of sward botanical composition on performance of cool temperate grassland under contrasting nitrogen fertilization regimes

Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.) is an active silicon (Si) accumulator, and Si can reduce the organic‐matter digestibility of forage grasses. Calcium carbonate (crushed coral) applications to a low Si Maile silt loam soil (Acrudoxic Hydrudands) had no effect on the in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) concentration of 3‐week‐old (4.5‐leaf‐per‐tiller stage of development) ‘Whittet’ kikuyugrass regrowth, whereas calcium silicate (wollastonite) applied at the calcium equivalent of the calcium carbonate rates produced a curvilinear (crescent‐shaped quadratic) IVDOM response. Whittet IVDOM decreased when grass Si concentration exceeded about 22 g kg^?1 or when 0.5 M acetic acid–extractable soil Si exceeded about 230 mg kg^?1. Common and ‘Hosaka’ kikuyugrass regrowth on the Maile soil had less Si and greater IVDOM concentrations than those observed for high‐Si Kohala (Humic Dystrustepts) and Waialua (Pachic Haplustolls) silty clay soils. Whittet had greater crude protein and IVDOM concentrations and lesser fiber concentrations than common.     

‘热研4号’王草和五节芒光合特性的比较

【目的】获得生产生物能源的优质原料.【方法】在田间采用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定仪对‘热研4号’王草Pennisetum purpureum×P.americanum cv.Reyan No.4和五节芒Miscanthus floridulus的光合特性日变化进行研究,并分析了其净光合速率(Pn)与主要影响因子的相关性.【结果和结论】‘热研4号’王草和五节芒的净光合速率日变化均呈"单峰型",无光合"午休"现象,且‘热研4号’王草日均Pn(25.45μmol·m-2·s-1)略高于五节芒(25.08μmol·m-2·s-1).2种草的蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、光能利用率(LUE)和气孔导度(Gs)与Pn一样,最大值均出现在13:00时左右,且‘热研4号’王草的Tr、LUE和Gs也都略高于五节芒,只有WUE略低于五节芒.气孔限制值(Ls)日变化呈正钟型,在11:00时左右达最高值(均为0.86μmol·m-2·s-1),早晚最低,而胞间CO2摩尔分数(xi)日变化趋势与之相反.此外,‘热研4号’王草和五节芒的Pn均与大气CO2摩尔分数(xa)呈显著负相关(P0.05),且分别与空气相对湿度(RH)和Gs呈显著正相关(P0.05).以上结果说明‘热研4号’王草的光合能力比五节芒强.     

Growth responses of cereal crops to organic nitrogen in the field

Eleven rice varieties differing in grain size were grown under controlled environmental conditions during the grain-filling period. The grain weight of upper grains in a panicle was examined at successive stages of growth during the grain-filling period. The effect of temperature on the rate and the duration of the period of grain-filling was determined using Khao Lo, a large-grain variety, and Bom Dia, a small-grain variety. Both the grain-filling rate and duration of the period of grain-filling differed among rice varieties and were positively and significantly correlated with the grain size. The duration of the grain-filling period from flowering to the time when almost maximum grain weight was attained ranged from 12 days at 32/24°C in Bom Dia to 36 days at 20/12°C in Khao Lo. The grain-filling rate was low in small-grain varieties, and generally increased with increasing grain size.

By lowering the temperature, the grain-filling rate decreased, the duration of the grain-filling period increased but the grain weight was almost constant.

Weight per grain was closely correlated with hull size. No relationship was found between weight per grain and nitrogen percentage of brown rice.     

狼尾草典型生理生化特征对阿特拉津胁迫的响应

通过盆栽试验考察狼尾草生长(生物量及根冠比)及典型生理指标(叶绿素、丙二醛及脯氨酸含量)对不同浓度阿特拉津污染胁迫的响应规律.结果显示,高浓度阿特拉津胁迫下狼尾草生物量(≥ 100 mg·kg^-1)、根冠比(≥ 200 mg·kg^-1)两类生长指标与对照处理相比达到显著性抑制水平.阿特拉津胁迫(≤ 200 mg·kg^-1)对狼尾草叶片中叶绿素含量的影响较小,各污染处理样品叶绿素含量与对照组的差异不显著;阿特拉津污染胁迫水平达到100 mg·kg^-1时,狼尾草叶片中脯氨酸含量达到最大值(39.38 μg·kg^-1),同时丙二醛含量与对照处理相比呈现显著升高的趋势.上述结果表明:只有在较高浓度阿特拉津(≥ 100 mg·kg^-1)胁迫水平条件下,狼尾草典型生长及生理指标才逐渐受到极显著影响,从植物生长与生理角度揭示了狼尾草对阿特拉津具有较强的耐受能力.     

Evaluation of indices for identification of pearl millet cultivars adapted to stress and non-stress conditions

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is cultivated across a wide range of environments ranging from extremely stressful to favourable. The objective of this research was to compare methods to identify productive cultivars for stress and non-stress conditions. Thirty pearl millet cultivars were evaluated at 22 locations that were grouped as stress, non-stress, or intermediate environments. Five selection indices viz., arithmetic mean (AM), geometric mean (GM), AM (standard units), stress susceptibility index (S) and drought response index (DRI) were calculated for each genotype to determine correlation between selection indices and yield under stress (Y_S), non-stress (Y_NS), and average conditions (Y_AV). Both cultivars and locations were significant sources of variation. Phenology of cultivars had different influence on yielding ability in contrasting environments. While earliness was advantageous for stress conditions, cultivars with longer duration tended to yield more under non-stress conditions. Y_S was only moderately determined by Y_NS. Both AM and GM were suitable indices for selection of cultivars that would perform well across stress, non-stress, and intermediate environments. Stress susceptibility index (S) was negatively correlated with Y_S (r=−0.62^**) but should only be used as a selection criterion in combination with yield under stress (Y_S) to identify cultivars adapted to stress environments. DRI was positively correlated with Y_S but had no association with Y_NS. Results indicated that DRI might be useful for identifying cultivars with high performance under stress particularly when days to flower differ considerably among test entries.