氨氮和亚硝酸氮对南美白对虾的毒性研究

用通常的生物毒性试验方法进行了氨氮和亚硝氨氮对体长5cm南美白对虾的急性毒性试验。在海水pH8.15、水温T＝27℃、盐度S＝20．0‰条件下，求得了两种物质对南美白对虾24h、48h、72h、96h的半死浓度，提出总氨氮和非离子氨氮对南美白对虾的安全浓度分别为2．667mg/L和0．201mg/L，亚硝酸氮的安全浓度为5．551mg/L。氨氮对南美白对虾的毒性强于亚硝酸氮，并提出降低氨氮和亚硝酸氮含量的措施。     

南美白对虾双茬淡化养殖技术研究

研究采用南美白对虾塑料大棚保温三级淡化暂养技术等措施,实现南美白对虾池塘双茬淡化养殖。养成期间水质情况良好,水温平均（26±3）℃,pH值约8．5左右,溶氧量5．6m叽以上,氧氮约0．20mg/L,亚硝酸氮0．02m班左右,每667m^2养殖产量达426．7kg,养殖效益高达4186．7元。结果表明,采用南美白对虾双茬淡化养殖技术,延长了对虾生长期,提高了池塘利用率和经济效益,具有较好的推广价值.     

Pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid and oxytetracycline in kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus

The pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid and oxytetracycline were examined in kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) after intra-sinus (10 and 25 mg/kg, respectively) and oral (50 mg/kg) administration. The shrimp were kept in tanks with recirculated artificial seawater at a salinity of 22–23 ppt. The water temperature was maintained at 25±0.6 °C. The hemolymph concentrations of both drugs after intra-sinus dosing were best described by a two-compartment open model. The distribution and elimination half-lives (t_1/2 and t_1/2β) were found to be 0.59 and 33.2 h for oxolinic acid and 0.45 and 24.7 h for oxytetracycline, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at a steady state (V_ss) and total body clearance (CL_b) were estimated to be 1309 ml/kg and 28.8 ml/kg/h for oxolinic acid and 748 ml/kg and 22.7 ml/kg/h, respectively. The hemolymph concentration–time curves after oral administration did not fit by the nonlinear least squares method using one- and two-compartment model with first-order absorption in either of the drugs. The peak hemolymph concentration (C_max), the time to peak hemolymph concentration (t_max) and the elimination half-life were found to be 17.8 μg/ml, 7 h and 34.3 h for oxolinic acid and 24.3 μg/ml, 10 h and 33.6 h for oxytetracycline, respectively. The bioavailability (F) after oral administration was 32.9% for oxolinic acid and 43.2% for oxytetracycline. The hemolymph protein binding in vivo was determined to be 36.7±8.5% for oxolinic acid and 22.9±4.8% for oxytetracycline.     

不同生长阶段斑节对虾消化酶活性变化

通过对斑节对虾不同生长阶段蛋白酶、脂肪酶及淀粉酶活性变化的分析,探讨了斑节对虾在生长过程中对蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的消化利用。结果表明,根据消化酶活性,可将斑节对虾生长分为两个阶段。第1阶段,在体长10～12.5 cm阶段之前,随着个体的增大蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性不断升高;第2阶段,在12.5 cm之后,蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性呈现出一定程度的下降。肝胰腺、胃、肠3种不同消化器官的消化酶活性在不同生长期也不一致,大致上蛋白酶活性从高到低依次为:肝胰腺>胃>肠;脂肪酶活性:肠>肝胰腺>胃;淀粉酶活性:肠>胃>肝胰腺。     

Dietary potassium requirement of juvenile grass shrimp Penaeus monodon

ABSTRACT: A feeding trial was conducted to estimate the minimal dietary potassium (K) requirement for juvenile grass shrimp Penaeus monodon . Purified diets with seven levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0 g/100 g) of supplemental potassium were fed to P. monodon (mean initial weight 0.75 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of shrimp. The rearing water contained 360 mg/L potassium. Weight gain and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of shrimp improved as dietary potassium supplementation level increased up to 1.5 g K/100 g diet and thereafter declined significantly ( P < 0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) of shrimp also showed a similar trend. However, whole body K concentration of the shrimp kept an increasing trend up to 2.0 g K/100 g diet. Analysis of the weight gain (percent) and PER of the shrimp by polynomial regression indicate that the minimal dietary potassium requirement in growing P. monodon is approximately 1.2 g/100 g.     

Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) post-larval survival related to age, temperature, pH and ammonium concentration

Transport of post‐larvae shrimp used in aquaculture is an important element of successful cultivation because of the potential for stress during stocking procedures. To find optimum transport conditions, several bioassays were performed in the laboratory to evaluate survival of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 5–30‐day‐old postlarvae under conditions similar to those encountered during transport from the hatchery to nursery and shrimp ponds. Postlarvae were exposed for 4 h to different temperatures and pH levels ammonia concentrations. Survival was significantly reduced after a 4 h exposure to pH 9 and was inversely related to temperature with or without 7 mg L^?1 of ammonia. The 15‐ and 20‐day‐old postlarvae had higher survival rates than other ages. The lowest survival occurred in alkali conditions (pH 9), with 7 mg L^?1ammonia at 30 and 32°C. To assure optimal survival of postlarvae during transfer from the hatchery to the nursery and shrimp ponds, we recommend temperatures below 28°C, pH no higher than 8, no ammonia and post‐larval age at least 15 days.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定凡纳滨对虾中的硝基呋喃代谢物残留

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）法,测定了凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannam ei）中氨基脲（SEM）、1-氨基-2-内酰脲（AHD）、3-氨基-2-唑烷基酮（AOZ）和5-甲基吗啉-3-氨基-2-唑烷基酮（AMOZ）4种硝基呋喃类代谢物。采用2-硝基苯甲醛作为衍生化试剂,氘、碳-13、氮-15同位素标记的SEM1-3C1-5N2、AHD1-3C3、AOZ-D4和AMOZ-D5为内标物,样品经衍生、乙酸乙酯提取、正己烷净化,以甲醇0.5 mmol.L-1乙酸铵水溶液（含0.1%甲酸）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,8 m in可将4种目标化合物完全分离并测定。结果表明,4种待测物在0.4～20.0 ng.mL-1范围内线性关系良好（R〉0.999）,检出限为0.03～0.15μg.kg-1。在0.5μg.kg-1、1.0μg.kg-1和2.0μg.kg-13个水平上进行加标回收试验,平均回收率为92.0%～107.3%,RSD为3.1%～8.7%。采用该法参加FAPAS国际水平测试,获得了满意的结果。     

Gene Expression in Black Tiger Prawns Following Intramuscular Injection of β-gal Plasmid

Gene expression in black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) was studied following intra-muscular injection of CMVGal plasmid into the second abdominal segment. We used an in situ staining technique to detect -gal expression in one- and three-month-old injected prawns. We found that only one of the three-month-old prawns expressed the marker gene (2 days after injection), and the site of expression was confined to the sixth abdominal segment away from the injection site. We repeated the experiment on a new batch of three-month-old prawns, but using fluorometric determination technique. This time we found that -gal expression was detected (6/42) at the site of injection after 2, 7, and 14 days. In two other test samples, transgene expression was detected in the sixth abdominal segment only, further confirming the possibility of injected DNA dispersal. The results of the study also suggest that direct gene transfer is a feasible technique in black tiger prawns.     

对虾暴发性疾病及防治对策

本文根据几年来虾病研究工作的进展和江苏对虾流行病学调查结果，总结分析了病因及病原学方面的有关问题，并针对水温、气候、密度等诱发因子，从生态角度提出了虾病防治方法及措施。     

检出虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei)的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)群体的体长和体重关系

对采自天津、浙江和山东等养殖场5个凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei)群体的442尾个体进行虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei,EHP)的TaqMan探针荧光定量PCR检测,并测量各群体每尾对虾的生物学体长和体重.引入医学上的劳累尔(Rohrer)体重指数(Ponderal index,PI,W/L3)关系建立对虾体重(W)和体长(L)关系函数.结果显示,4个凡纳滨对虾的EHP阳性群体[平均体长为(5.37±1.19) cm]的体重指数PI平均值为(5.19±0.26)×10-3 g/cm3,EHP阴性群体的凡纳滨对虾群体[平均体长为(2.49±0.21)cm]为(7.96±0.51)×10-3 g/cm3,根据PI=a·L(b-3)的函数矫正EHP阴性和阳性群体的体长差异引起的PI差值后,同等体长EHP阳性群体的PI值为阴性群体的(70.5±8.7)％,表明同样大小的个体,EHP阳性群体的平均体重比阴性群体平均体重低30％;EHP阳性群体中凡纳滨对虾体长和体重的变异系数是EHP阴性群体的(2.39±0.93)和(2.05±0.86)倍,表现为对虾EHP阳性群体个体大小不均匀;EHP阳性群体体重偏差率是EHP阴性群体的2.34-3.45倍,体长相同时,EHP阳性的体重波动变大.