鱼类糖酵解关键酶的研究进展

文章以斑节对虾 (Penaeus monodon) 为研究对象,在实验室水槽模拟幼虾力竭运动情况,探究幼虾力竭运动后的呼吸代谢恢复规律,以期为斑节对虾养殖生产和增殖放流提供科学依据。结果显示,在力竭后的各恢复时间点,斑节对虾幼虾肝胰腺总蛋白质 (TP)、乳酸 (LA),以及谷草转氨酶 (AST)、谷丙转氨酶 (ALT) 、乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH) 和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性均存在显著差异 (P<0.05);腹部肌肉中LA、LDH活性存在显著差异。肝胰腺TP在恢复后第4小时显著高于对照组,第48小时恢复至对照组水平;LA在恢复后第12小时显著高于对照组,第24小时恢复至对照组水平;AST和ALT活性在运动后第8至第12小时内显著上升,第24小时恢复至对照组水平;LDH和SDH活性持续上升,恢复后第12 小时显著高于对照组,第48 小时恢复至对照组水平。肌肉糖原 (GLY) 在运动后显著下降,恢复后第12小时恢复至对照组水平;LA在运动后显著升高,第8 小时下降至对照组水平;LDH活性运动后显著升高,第1至第12小时内持续升高,第72小时仍处于显著高于对照组水平。幼虾在力竭运动后无氧代谢显著增强,第8 小时可再次进行力竭运动;肝胰腺为幼虾清除代谢物的器官,对运动后呼吸代谢恢复起到重要作用。

     

白斑综合征病毒与凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群区系之间关系的初步研究

比较了同一养殖池中的感染白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)和未感染WSSV的凡纳滨对虾的肠道菌群,旨在探讨对虾肠道菌群与机体健康状态之间的关系。感染WSSV对虾肠道的细菌总数为1.06×106CFU/尾,显著高于未感染WSSV的对虾(1.78×105CFU/尾;P<0.05),且其肠道中的细菌分别属于弧菌属、气单胞菌属、海水球菌属、盐水球菌属和乳酸杆菌属;染WSSV的对虾(P<0.05),气单胞菌的比例显著的低于感染WSSV的对虾(P<0.05);盐球菌所占的比例两者之间差异不显著。结果显示,两种对虾在肠道菌群组成和细菌组成和细菌数量上存在显著的差异,初步表明对虾肠道菌群区系和机体的健康状态密切相关。     

规格与盐度对凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的影响

裂褶菌多糖是裂褶菌 (Schizophyllum communer Fr.) 子实体、菌丝体或发酵液提取的具有β-(1,6) 分支的 β-(1,3)-D葡聚糖。为了探究裂褶菌多糖饲养凡纳滨对虾 (Litopenaeus vannamei) 的效果,选用12口凡纳滨对虾养殖池,按照裂褶菌多糖的添加量 (质量分数),分别设置0% (C组)、0.5% (S1组)、1.0% (S2组) 和2.0% (S3组) 4组进行56 d的饲养实验,分析对虾的生长、血清理化、免疫指标和肠道菌群等变化。结果显示,S2组的终末体质量、平均体质量增长率和特定生长率均显著高于C、S1和S3组 (P<0.05);S2、S3组内层上皮细胞的高度显著高于C和S1组 (P<0.05)。与对照组相比,S2和S3组血清中的尿酸含量显著降低 (P<0.05),S1组则无显著性差异 (P>0.05)。S2和S3组血清中溶菌酶、总一氧化氮合成酶、酚氧化酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性均显著高于对照组 (P<0.05)。S2组过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力显著高于对照组 (P<0.05);各实验组血清丙二醛含量均有不同程度的降低 (P>0.05)。肠道菌群Ace、Chao1、Shannon、Simpson指数均无显著性差异 (P>0.05)。在门水平上,与对照组相比,添加裂褶菌多糖的各实验组变形菌门相对丰度均下降,软壁菌门升高。在属水平上,与对照组相比,S2组中Formosa、Pseudoruegeria、Muricauda和鲁杰氏菌属 (Ruegeria) 相对丰度均显著升高 (P<0.05),而弧菌属 (Vibrio) 相对丰度显著降低 (P<0.05)。结果表明,在饲料中添加1.0%的裂褶菌多糖能显著提升凡纳滨对虾的生长性能、免疫力和抗氧化能力,增加肠道有益菌丰度,降低有害菌丰度。

     

Use of Porcine Meal in Plant‐based Practical Diets for Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Two growth trials were conducted to evaluate and confirm the efficacy of a porcine meal (PM) with high protein content (>90%) as an alternative feed ingredient in commercial‐type feed formulation for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Six experimental diets were formulated for the two growth trials. The first five diets contained increasing levels (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6%) of PM as a replacement for soybean meal in a plant‐based diet with low inclusion level (6%) of fish meal (FM). The last experimental diet was produced utilizing 4.2% PM to completely replace FM. In Trial 1, shrimp (1.5 g initial mean weight, 20 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered test diets for 6 wk in a semirecirculation system. At the end of Trial 1, shrimp fed with the diet containing 6% PM exhibited significantly enhanced weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival compared to those fed with the diet devoid of FM. As survival was poor across all treatments and different densities could mask growth results the trial was repeated. In Trial 2, shrimp (0.85 g, 15 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered diets for 6 wk. Dietary supplementation of PM at 6% significantly improved WG, FCR, and apparent net protein retention in contrast with the treatment devoid of FM, confirming the same trends in Trial 1. No significant difference was detected in protein, lipid, moisture, and mineral profiles of whole‐body shrimp as well as survival across all the treatments. Results of this study indicate that PM is a good high protein source in shrimp feeds, which can be included up to 6% in the low FM‐based diet without compromising the growth of shrimp.     

凡纳对虾小触角表面结构的显微观察

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了凡纳对虾小触角的表面结构。结果发现：小触角上广泛着生着700根以上的羽状刚毛；外鞭片状隆起腹面平均约具280根无顶孔但有细分支的化感刚毛，这类有分支的化感刚毛在其它十足目种类上未见有报道，而且其刚毛数也较其它种类少；内侧附肢前端与柄节上直立的羽状刚毛毛簇顶相接触，推测该结构可能对相邻的复眼具某种作用。     

南美白对虾养殖系统中弧菌为主的致病菌群的分子比较

弧菌是最常见、最重要的细菌性病原菌,采用16 S rDNA克隆文库法对南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannarnei)养殖系统中水体和底泥的弧菌为主的致病群落的组成进行分析研究。从水体和底泥16 S rDNA克隆文库中各随机挑选55个克隆子进行测序(约114 bp),对测序结果进行了BLAST比对。结果表明:水体样品有16个OTU,主要Vibrio(弧菌,33.3%)、Chloroflexi(绿屈挠菌,18.5%)和Pantoea(泛菌属菌,7.41%);底泥样品有14个OTU,主要是Vibrio(弧菌,50.0%)和Chloroflexi(绿屈挠菌,13.6%);2个文库比较来看,proteobacterium(变形细菌)仅在水体样品中,Aeromonas(气单胞菌)仅在底泥样品中。用MEGA 4从测序的克隆子中选出30个OTU进行系统发育分析。     

Effects of dietary highly unsaturated fatty acids and astaxanthin on the fecundity and lipid content of pond-reared Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) broodstock

Five diets that contained fresh squid meat as the basic constituent and were supplemented with different amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and astaxanthin were fed to pond‐reared Penaeus monodon broodstock. Diet A was sole squid meat. Diets B and C were supplemented with astaxanthin 50 and 100 mg kg^?1 respectively. Diets D and E were supplemented with HUFA 5 and 10 g kg^?1 and astaxanthin 50 mg kg^?1 respectively. The result showed that the group fed diet E had the best reproductive performance in all experimental groups. It had a higher proportion of spawns (71.5%), spawning rate (0.047), a shorter latency period (7.7±0.3 d), higher absolute fecundity (× 10³) (361.6±5.5) and egg production/female (× 10³) (597.0±18.0) than all the other experimental groups. The fatty acid composition in broodstock diets strongly affected the tissue and fecundity of broodstock. Good correlations between the content of 20:4n‐6 in eggs and the fecundity (r²=0.6109) and egg production (r²=0.9876) of broodstock were found. On the other hand, 22:6n‐3 and DHA/EPA ratio was negatively correlated with the fecundity of broodstock (r²=0.5362, 0.8702 respectively). The result also showed that the balance between n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid families, total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total saturated fatty acid and 20:5n‐3 (EPA) and 22:6n‐3 (DHA) may play vital roles in maturation and reproductive performance of P. monodon broodstock.     

Growth and body composition of juvenile white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,fed different ratios of dietary protein to energy

A 10‐week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight of 0.09 ± 0.002 g, mean ± SE). Twelve practical test diets were formulated to contain four protein levels (300, 340, 380 and 420 g kg^?1) and three lipid levels (50, 75 and 100 g kg^?1). Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps per tank (260 L). The water temperature was 28.5 ± 2 °C and the salinity was 28 ± 1 g L^?1 during the experimental period. The results showed that the growth was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary treatments. Shrimps fed the diets containing 300 g kg^?1 protein showed the poorest growth. However, shrimp fed the 75 g kg^?1 lipid diets had only slightly higher growth than that fed 50 g kg^?1 lipid diets at the same dietary protein level, and even a little decline in growth with the further increase of dietary lipid to 100 g kg^?1. Shrimp fed the diet with 420 g kg^?1protein and 75 g kg^?1 lipid had the highest specific growth rate. However, shrimp fed the diet with 340 g kg^?1 protein and 75 g kg^?1 lipid showed comparable growth, and had the highest protein efficiency ratio, energy retention and feed efficiency ratio among dietary treatments. Triglycerides and total cholesterol in the serum of shrimp increased with increasing dietary lipid level at the same dietary protein level. Body lipid and energy increased with increasing dietary lipid level irrespective of dietary protein. Results of the present study showed that the diet containing 340 g kg^?1 protein and 75 g kg^?1 lipid with digestible protein/digestible energy of 21.1 mg kJ^?1 is optimum for L. vannamei, and the increase of dietary lipid level has not efficient protein‐sparing effect.     

参虾池塘高效混养技术

7-9月刺参夏眠期间正是日本对虾快速生长的季节,在对虾池中人工造礁,第1年4月放入规格为80～120头/ kg的海参苗1740 kg,每年7月放入体长0.7～1.0 cm的日本对虾虾苗1.2×105尾,将刺参与日本对虾混养.在养殖过程中,刺参不投喂,只用卤虫、人工饲料、杂色蛤和四角蛤蜊投喂日本对虾,严格控制养殖池内的杂鱼虾,保持水质新鲜,可提高日本对虾和刺参的成活率,利用两者饵料和空间互补性,可显著提高虾池的利用率和经济效益.