云南省6县退耕还林农户收益分析及增收对策的案例研究

采取抽样调查的方式,对云南省6个地(市)退耕农户进行调研,对农户的林业收入状况、在退耕地所经营的林业项目以及退耕面积与收益等3方面进行深入剖析,认为农户的林业收入有高型、中高型、中等型、偏低型以及低下型5种类型.对退耕还林发展林业过程中面临的主要问题和促进当地林业发展、增加农户收入的对策进行了探讨.     

基于罗平、景谷和腾冲3县的云南省集体林权制度改革绩效评价

以腾冲、罗平和景谷3县集体林权制度改革为例,从省和县尺度上对林改所产生的森林资源增长、林业经济增长、农户收入增长、林业劳动力吸收与转移、林区农村林业矛盾化解等方面的积极绩效进行评价,认为集体林权制度改革初步实现了资源增长、农民增收、生态良好和林区和谐的目标.并提出了后续改革的方向和目标.     

森林资源资产评估理论、方法在实践中的探索

森林资源是国家最重要的自然资源,是国家富强、人民昌盛的重要物质财富。本文从森林资源资产评估的必要性和紧迫性入手,对森林资源资产评估理论、方法进行了探索,对森林资源资产评估过程中应注意的问题进行了分析,确立了符合实际的理论和方法,并应用于实践。     

Technical efficiency in the spice based agroforestry sector in Matale district, Sri Lanka

Spices constitute an important sub-sector of the economy of Sri Lanka. Most perennial spices are cultivated in agroforestry types of farming systems. A field survey was conducted covering 127 agroforestry farmers in six divisional secretariats in Matale district during the period of October to December 2002. Technical efficiency of spice based agroforestry systems was estimated in order to identify the potential increase in production without incurring additional costs for farm inputs. The factors affecting technical efficiency and constraints and potential of the agroforestry system were also investigated. According to a stochastic frontier production function using a Cobb–Douglas model, hired labour, organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, land size, and soil conservation measures showed significant positive effects on the agroforestry production. The mean technical efficiency of the spice based agroforestry systems was 84.32%. According to the inefficiency model the efficiency increased significantly as a result of farm visits by extension officers, participation in farmer training, less sloping lands, more experience, and higher diversity of the agroforestry system. Technical efficiency decreased, however, with higher education level of the farmer and with higher off-farm income. Unsustainability of the agroforestry system is seen as a result of a␣range of constraints related to productivity, market, technology and institutions.     

南洋楹造林密度与施肥均匀设计试验

【目的】探讨栽植密度和施肥对南洋楹早期生长的影响,在揭示主要栽培因素与单株材积、蓄积量相关关系和回归模型的基础上,建立密度与施肥组合栽培模式,使良种、立地、施肥等技术要素合理配合,为经营南洋楹速生丰产林提供理论依据。【方法】采用均匀设计和随机完全区组设计试验法,对栽植密度和施肥量等4因素6水平按照均匀设计表 U6(64)建立南洋楹高效栽培试验方案;通过 Stepwise分析选择最优回归模型,确定主要栽培因素;采用 Uniform Design Version 3.00拟合林分产量与施肥量回归模型;通过二次响应面回归 Rsreg获得优化施肥量。【结果】不同试验处理的平均树高、平均胸径、单株材积和每蓄积量差异均达到极显著水平( P ＜0.01);影响南洋楹生长最主要的因素是栽植密度,从单株材积和每蓄积量平衡点考虑,最优栽植密度为3 m ×3 m;单株材积与施肥量的二次回归模型： Y3=6.54E－2+5.29E－8X22+3.47E－5X3－4.27E－5X4,复相关系数 R =0.9480,回归方程显著;优化拟合施肥量为：过磷酸钙(作基肥)274 g +尿素(作当年追肥)48 g +复合肥(作次年追肥)250 g,将此优化施肥量代入回归方程求得理论单株材积为0.0604 m3,比试验设计中单株材积最低值0.0443 m3提高36.3%;通过最优栽植密度和优化施肥栽培模式,蓄积量可达47.2905 m3·hm －2,比试验设计中最低值19.4040 m3·hm －2提高143.7%。【结论】南洋楹的速生特性在早期得到显著表达,对不同栽植密度和施肥响应积极,辅以集约栽培技术措施可以较好发掘南洋楹良种和土地的生产潜力。本研究采用均匀设计试验法建立了南洋楹最佳栽植密度与施肥组合模式,从尽可能少的试验次数中揭示出因素对指标的影响大小和规律,并且进行优化拟合设计,缩短了研究周期和提高了试验的准确性。     

Non-timber forest products and household incomes in Bonga forest area,southwestern Ethiopia

We identified the major non-timber forest products （NTFPs）, their contributions to household incomes, and the determinants influenc-ing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and Decha Districts of Kaffa Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Six Kebeles （the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia） were sampled from two Districts and 150 households were randomly sampled using propor-tional-to-size techniques based on the number of farm households in each Kebele. Secondary data were collected from and focus group discussions were conducted with selected individuals. The farmers diversified liveli-hood activities such as crop and livestock production, collection of NTFPs and off-farm activities. NTFPs played a significant role in household incomes. The contribution from the major NTFPs （forest coffee, honey and spices） accounted for 47% of annual household in-come. The role of NTFPs was influenced by a number of factors. Vari-ables including being native to the area （＋）, total land holding （＋）, pos-session of livestock （＋） and access to extension （＋） significantly affected forest coffee production. Age of household head （-）, land holding （＋） and distance of the market from the residence （-） significantly affected honey production. Size of landholding （＋）, distance to market （-） and distance of the forest from the residence （-） were significant variables determining the NTFP incomes derived by the households. Attention is needed in the design of policies and strategies for the well-being of households to the contribution of NTFPs to local incomes and the variables that affect the collection of NTFPs must be considered.     

紧凑型玉米株型及生理特性研究

紧凑型玉米各叶片长度在茎杆上的空间分布呈近似纺锤型,叶角度较平展型小,叶向值也大,其受光姿态优于平展型.紧凑型米玉对CO_2同化强度、根系吸收强度比平展型大;硝酸还原酶活性比平展型高.紧凑型玉米具有体内氮素代谢旺盛,后期不早衰,籽粒灌浆快,粒重高,单株生产力大和适宜密植等优点.选育和推广高光效紧凑型玉米杂交种是今后玉米高产的主要途径.     

收入对中国城镇居民奶类消费的影响分析

本文在总结现阶段城镇居民奶类消费特点的基础上,研究了收入对城镇居民奶类消费的影响。研究结果表明,收入是影响城镇居民奶类消费的主要因素,随着收入的增加,城镇居民奶类消费逐步增长;同时,奶类消费支出随着人均可支配收入的增加而增加;在动物性食物中,奶类是需求收入弹性最高的食品。     

市场经济对云南规划烟区耕地资源的影响分析

为了掌握目前云南规划烟区在耕地资源配置方面的详细情况,以及市场经济对云南规划烟区坡度影响,以最新烤烟种植区划成果数据和坡度格点化数据为基础,分析各州市烤烟种植区划核心区,优质区和适宜区在坡度类型的分布状况和差异,在此基础上结合各州市农村人均可支配收入数据,分析市场经济对云南烤烟种植区坡度的影响.结果表明:云南省烤烟规划...     

贫困山区粮食单产变化贡献因素分解与测算——以云南为例

明确粮食单产变化的贡献因素,为保障贫困山区粮食安全提供应对策略。以云南为例,根据1989—2018年的粮食生产数据,利用RLI模型,构建粮食单产变化的因素分解模型,从作物和区域2个角度对云南粮食单产变化的贡献因素进行分解测算。结果显示,云南粮食单产呈明显上升趋势,且单产变化的稳定性有所增强。云南粮食增产的首要贡献因素是粮食作物单产水平的提升,平均贡献率达82.21%,但结构效应的作用也不容小觑。从作物角度看,玉米和薯类的综合效应最大,贡献率达134.89%。从区域角度看,保山市、昭通市、西双版纳州、文山州、临沧市和德宏州发挥主导作用。贫困山区省份的各级政府在巩固脱贫攻坚成果时,要妥善处理产业扶贫经济作物与粮食作物的关系,优化贫困山区粮食生产优势区域的产业结构,加大贫困山区粮食新品种和新技术的研发投入,加快完善贫困山区粮食技术推广体系,增强贫困山区粮食储备与应急机制。