Temporal and spatial dynamics of soil solution C and N concentrations during Lolium perenne L. sward establishment and the effects of elevated CO2 and N additions

There is now clear evidence for a prolonged increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and enrichment of the biosphere with N. Understanding the fate of C in the plant-soil system under different CO₂ and N regimes is therefore of considerable importance in predicting the environmental effects of climate change and in predicting the sustainability of ecosystems. Swards of Lolium perenne were grown from seed in a Eutric Cambisol at either ambient (ca. 350 μmol mol⁻¹) or elevated (700 μmol mol⁻¹) atmospheric pCO₂ and subjected to two inorganic N fertilizer regimes (no added N and 70 kg N ha⁻¹ month⁻¹). After germination, soil solution concentrations of dissolved organic C (DOC), dissolved inorganic N (DIN), dissolved organic N (DON), phenolics and H⁺ were measured at five depths down the soil profile over 3 months. The exploration of soil layers down the soil profile by roots caused transient increases in soil solution DOC, DON and phenolic concentrations, which then subsequently returned to lower quasi-stable concentrations. In general, the addition of N tended to increase DOC and DON concentrations while exposure to elevated pCO₂ had the opposite effect. These treatment effects, however, gradually diminished over the duration of the experiment from the top of the soil profile downwards. The ambient pCO₂ plus added N regime was the only treatment to maintain a notable difference in soil solution solute concentration, relative to other treatments. This effect on soil solution chemistry appeared to be largely indirect resulting from increased plant growth and a decrease in soil moisture content. Our results show that although plant growth responses to elevated pCO₂ are critically dependent upon N availability, the organic chemistry of the soil solution is relatively insensitive to changes in plant growth once the plants have become established.     

Applying a Lagrangian dispersion analysis to infer carbon dioxide and latent heat fluxes in a corn canopy

Warland and Thurtell (2000) proposed an analytical dispersion Lagrangian analysis (hereafter WT analysis) to relate the mean scalar concentration field to source profiles inside the canopy. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the WT analysis with existing turbulence statistics parameterizations in a corn canopy, by comparing its inferred net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) and latent heat flux (λE) with eddy covariance measurements. The second objective was to assess the performance of the WT analysis to infer the soil CO₂ flux. Four parameterizations of turbulence statistics were used to estimate Lagrangian time scale (T_L) and standard deviation of vertical wind velocity (σ_w) profiles. The estimated T_L and σ_w profiles were then corrected for atmospheric stability conditions. The field experiment was carried out in a corn field from August to October 2007 and 2008. Profiles of water vapour and CO₂ mixing ratios were measured using a multiport sampling system connected to an infrared gas analyzer. Wind velocity within and above the canopy and eddy covariance measurements over the canopy were taken. The soil respiration, estimated using the WT analysis, was compared to estimates obtained by an empirical model. WT analysis fluxes showed good correlation (R² = 0.77-0.88) with NEE and λE obtained by the eddy covariance technique, but overestimated net fluxes, especially when corrections for atmospheric stability were applied. The optimization of T_L and σ_w profiles using in-canopy turbulence measurements improved the agreement between measured and modeled NEE and λE. Inferred soil CO₂ fluxes were underestimated and were poorly correlated (R² = 0.02-0.01) with estimates obtained using an empirical model based on soil temperature. This poor performance in estimating the soil respiration is likely caused by the decoupling between inside and above canopy flows.     

Soil CO2 efflux in an Afromontane forest of Ethiopia as driven by seasonality and tree species

Variability of soil CO₂ efflux strongly depends on soil temperature, soil moisture and plant phenology. Separating the effects of these factors is critical to understand the belowground carbon dynamics of forest ecosystem. In Ethiopia with its unreliable seasonal rainfall, variability of soil CO₂ efflux may be particularly associated with seasonal variation. In this study, soil respiration was measured in nine plots under the canopies of three indigenous trees (Croton macrostachys, Podocarpus falcatus and Prunus africana) growing in an Afromontane forest of south-eastern Ethiopia. Our objectives were to investigate seasonal and diurnal variation in soil CO₂ flux rate as a function of soil temperature and soil moisture, and to investigate the impact of tree species composition on soil respiration. Results showed that soil respiration displayed strong seasonal patterns, being lower during dry periods and higher during wet periods. The dependence of soil respiration on soil moisture under the three tree species explained about 50% of the seasonal variability. The relation followed a Gaussian function, and indicated a decrease in soil respiration at soil volumetric water contents exceeding a threshold of about 30%. Under more moist conditions soil respiration is tentatively limited by low oxygen supply. On a diurnal basis temperature dependency was observed, but not during dry periods when plant and soil microbial activities were restrained by moisture deficiency. Tree species influenced soil respiration, and there was a significant interaction effect of tree species and soil moisture on soil CO₂ efflux variability. During wet (and cloudy) period, when shade tolerant late successional P. falcatus is having a physiological advantage, soil respiration under this tree species exceeded that under the other two species. In contrast, soil CO₂ efflux rates under light demanding pioneer C. macrostachys appeared to be least sensitive to dry (but sunny) conditions. This is probably related to the relatively higher carbon assimilation rates and associated root respiration. We conclude that besides the anticipated changes in precipitation pattern in Ethiopia any anthropogenic disturbance fostering the pioneer species may alter the future ecosystem carbon balance by its impact on soil respiration.     

Intra‐annual changes in reproductive indices of male and female Himalayan snow trout,Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray, 1832)

Periodic changes in reproductive hormone levels, gonadal histology and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of snow trout, Schizothorax richardsonii, were examined to ascertain annual cycle of gonadal development and reproductive status in their natural habitat. In females, there were coherent changes in plasma 17β‐oestradiol and vitellogenin along with GSI, oocyte maturation and vitellogenic progression, collectively indicating two distinct maturation peaks during the months of September and February. Coinciding with this, in males, plasma 11‐keto testosterone was also noticeably higher during September and February, with highest GSI values in September. However, plasma 17α, 20β‐dihydroxyprogesterone levels in males were found to be persistently high from September to February. This observation suggests the potential presence of matured oozing males over a longer period, unlike in females. Overall, the close association between reproductive hormone levels, GSI and gonadal maturation stages in males and females (particularly, the presence of postovulatory follicle complexes) with apparent natural synchronization clearly indicates that S. richardsonii breeds twice in a year, possibly during late September to early November and late February to early April in the coldwater riverine habitats of the Indian Himalayan region.     

双向电泳在植物蛋白质组中的应用及影响因素分析

双向电泳(two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,2-DE)是蛋白质组学研究中常用的技术之一,因具有较高的稳定性和重复性,在植物蛋白质组学中应用广泛。蛋白质双向电泳(2-DE)过程复杂、时间持久以及影响因素众多,本文立足蛋白质双向电泳实验过程中可能出现的各种现象,如：分离的蛋白质点过少、条纹过多导致凝胶背景模糊、高丰度蛋白点聚集沉淀及低丰度蛋白点被掩盖等,着重分析其产生的原因并提出具体的解决办法,为蛋白质双向电泳技术初学者提供参考。     

代森锰锌的HS—GLC分析技术

对来自代森锰锌产生的ＣＳ２的ＨＳ－ＧＬＣ分析技术做了较详细的分析讨论,结果表明,面空瓶应避免用橡胶瓶盖,其干扰大约为０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ（代森锰锌）手动进样的放空时间要尽可能一致,石油酸可作为ＣＳ２的稀释剂,配制的ＣＳ２母液至少可贮藏１４ｄ。实际检测工作前,需测定代木锰锌标准悬浮液的均匀性和ＣＳ２的转化率。     

基于Radarsat-2的冬小麦种植面积提取方法研究

为探寻基于Radarsat-2的冬小麦种植面积提取方法,以设立在江苏盐城研究区的冬小麦为研究对象,选用2014年3月3日-2014年6月7日期间5期Radarsat-2全极化影像,采用支持向量机法和最大似然法分别对各时相的冬小麦种植面积进行提取,并以地面实测GPS样方进行精度验证。结果表明,以支持向量机法和最大似然法提取冬小麦面积的精度均在4月20日达到最高,分别为66.4%和63.9%。对4月20日支持向量机法的冬小麦面积提取结果进一步进行耕地地块优化和碎小图斑去除处理后,冬小麦面积的提取精度可提高到79.6%。     

番鸭就巢期生殖激素水平的变化规律

对番鸭就巢期不同时间的血浆生殖激素水平进行测试,揭示了不同就巢时间血浆生殖激素浓度变化的规律,并对就巢与激素之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明:(1)抱窝期血浆PRL含量(0.68±0.11ng/mL)极显著高于醒抱期的含量(0.33±0.04ng/mL)(P<0.01);(2)醒抱前后血浆LH含量差异很大,醒抱后LH含量(33.17±15.49mIU/mL)极显著高于抱窝期含量(5.56±1.99mIU/mL)(P<0.01);(3)抱窝期血浆E2含量(0.9±0.65ng/mL)极显著低于醒抱期含量(1.9±1.17ng/mL)(P<0.01);(4)PRL与LH、PRL与E2、LH与E2之间的相关系数分别为-0.923、-0.666和0.641。     

一例猪圆环病毒2型和大肠杆菌、溶血葡萄球菌混合感染的诊断

山东德州某猪场发生猪高热、呼吸系统疾病甚至死亡的疫情。采集病料提取病变组织总DNA或RNA进行猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪圆环病毒2型、猪细小病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪瘟病毒的PCR或RT-PCR检测。PCR扩增出353 bp的猪圆环病毒2型特异性条带。同时进行细菌分离培养、生化鉴定等试验,诊断为猪圆环病毒2型和大肠杆菌、溶血葡萄球菌混合感染。