池塘三维植被网生态坡水质净化调控系统

为研究养殖池塘三维植被网护坡技术及其水质净化调控效果,试验用三维植被网、布水管和水生植物等构建池塘生态坡净化调控系统。研究发现,池塘三维植被网生态坡净化调控系统具有潜流湿地和表流湿地双重特点,空隙率为4%～9%,构建坡度应低于1:2.5,水流速度应高于0.13m/s。在池塘水体日循环量10%情况下,三维植被网生态坡可使池塘水体中氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮、总氮和总磷的浓度下降46%、65%、49.2%、64.4%和39%,使养殖水体中叶绿素a浓度下降8.8%;生态坡对水体中总氮、总磷、COD的净化效率分别为0.27、0.015和0.94g/h.m2。与对照池相比,试验期间,三维植被网生态护坡池塘水体中的绿藻种类比对照池塘增加了10.7%,蓝藻种类减少了2.5%,藻类ShannonWiener多样性指数(H’)增加了38%。同时,试验池塘水体中的藻类密度下降了23%,其中蓝藻密度下降48.4%,隐藻、裸藻密度分别增加了24%和34%,藻类优势种群结构组成更有利于养殖需要。研究表明池塘三维植被网生态坡系统具有保护池埂和净化调控水质效果,是一种"经济、生态、减排"的护坡技术。     

“池塘芦苇稻-青虾”种养结合技术及效益分析

＂虾稻共生＂模式是近几年来在杭州市余杭区兴起的一种促养增粮模式。本文从环境条件、品种选择、渔稻育秧、渔稻栽种与管理、青虾养殖、虾病防治、青虾捕捞等方面对池塘虾稻生态种养结合技术进行了介绍。     

利用水葫芦净化养鳖废水的问题研究

甲鱼的代谢废物及残余饵料是养殖水体的主要污染源,同时也是可被水生植物(水葫芦)利用的高能、优质的营养物质。针对在甲鱼废水池中养殖的用于净化水体的水葫芦经常出现幼叶发白症状的问题,采用4种处理来分析诊断其原因,即:①延长废水在水葫芦池中的停留时间;②用硝酸将原始废水的pH值调节到6.5左右;③添加微量Fe-EDTA;④先用硝酸将废水pH调至6.5左右后,再添加微量Fe-EDTA。试验表明,这4种方法均能使水葫芦克服缺绿症状而正常生长。考虑到废水处理的经济性,处理①和②具有一定的实用价值。     

土池和高位铺膜池养殖杂交鳢肠道菌群结构的比较分析

为研究土池和高位铺膜池两种养殖模式下杂交鳢Channa maculata♀×Channa maculata argus♂肠道菌群结构的差异,采用高通量测序方法分别对土池养殖的健康杂交鳢(体质量为1140.67 g±45.88 g)和高位铺膜池养殖的健康杂交鳢(体质量为1130.00 g±96.27 g)肠道菌群结构进行了对比分析,其中,土池设置3个重复组,分别记为abce123、abce124和abce125,高位铺膜池设置3个重复组,分别记为abce126、abce127和abce128。结果表明:高位铺膜池的水温、pH与土池无显著性差异,但总氨氮、亚硝酸氮和总碱度等明显低于土池;不同养殖模式下杂交鳢肠道菌群结构存在明显差异,且土池养殖杂交鳢肠道中细菌多样性远高于高位铺膜池;在门水平上,土池杂交鳢肠道样品abce123中变形菌门所占比例明显高于其他门类,样品abce124、abce125中分别以变形菌门Proteobacteria和拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes所占比例最高,而高位铺膜池3个肠道样品中均以梭杆菌门Fusobacteria所占比例最高;在属水平上,土池abce123肠道样品中优势细菌属类均为未知细菌属类,abce124肠道样品中优势细菌属类按丰度依次为金黄杆菌属Chryseobacterium、支原体属Mycoplasma、食酸菌属Acidovorax、不动杆菌属Acinetobacter和鲸杆菌属Cetobacterium,abce125肠道样品中优势细菌属类按丰度依次为金黄杆菌属、不动杆菌属、食酸菌属、支原体属和鲸杆菌属,而高位铺膜池3个样品中均以鲸杆菌属为主,占95%以上。研究表明,土池和高位铺膜池两种不同养殖模式下杂交鳢肠道微生物组成及多样性差异较大,其结果可为今后杂交鳢的养殖模式选择和微生态学研究提供数据参考。     

冰下水温的特点及对越冬鱼类的影响

报道了北方越各地冰下水温变化的特点。通过定点定时测定发现，迅速降温的同时伴有强劲的大北风吹刮，封冰的当天杂交鲤由于急剧的温度变化，容易发生大批死亡；强烈搅水会使小水体的水温迅速下降，很快达到鱼类耐低温的阈值；偶有冰下异常低温池，水温在１℃以下，并且大部分时间在０．５℃以下，作为越冬地将对鱼类的存活构成严重威胁。     

Nitrogen use efficiency of microalgae application in wheat compared to mineral fertilizer

Background

Wastewater from sewage treatment plants contains high levels of nutrients, which can be used for plant nutrition. Classical wastewater treatment plants use complex microbial consortia of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms for biological wastewater treatment. Certain autotrophic microalgae (e.g., species of the genera Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Pediastrum) accumulate nutrients from wastewater very effectively.

Aims

We investigated the potential of microalgae biomass obtained from a prototype wastewater treatment plant as a source of nutrients for crops, focusing on nitrogen.

Methods

We provided wheat plants with different levels of algae biomass equivalent to 60, 120, and 180 kg N per hectare or with mineral fertilizer (N, P, and K) equivalent to the amounts contained in the algal biomass. Physiological and phenotypic traits were measured during growth, including vegetation indices, photosynthetic performance, growth, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). In addition, the adundances of Bacteria, Archaea and fungi and genes of ammonium oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea were determined in the rhizosphere of differently fertilized plants.

Results

Microalgal application at fertilizer levels of 120 and 180 kg N ha^–1 showed significantly improved physiological performance, growth, yield and nutrient uptake compared to the unfertilized control. Nevertheless, their yields and NUE were lower than with the application of equal amounts of mineral fertilization, while the adundance of rhizosphere microbes and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms were not significantly affected.

Conclusions

Microalgae from wastewater treatments form a suitable source of organic fertilizer for wheat plants with only moderate reductions in N use efficiency compared to mineral fertilizer.     

Determination of Thallium and Other Elements (As,Cd, Cu,Mn, Pb,Se, Sb,and Zn) in Water and Sediment Samples from the Vicinity of the Zinc-Lead Smelter in Poland (3 pp)

Background, Goal and Scope   The aim of this study was to check the concentration of some elements in water samples collected near Pb-Zn mining and smelting works and comparison of the obtained data with results achieved for sediment samples originated from the same reservoirs. Objective   Here, 8 water samples and 3 bottom sediments collected from water reservoirs in the vicinity of 3 big Polish Pb-Zn smelters were analysed.Methods   Water analysis was performed after filtration through a 0.45 µm filter and pH adjustment to 2. For decomposition of dried sediment samples, microwave assisted digestion with total dissolution of silicate matrix was applied. The elements studied were determined using ICP-MS and ICP-OES methods. Results and Discussion   The concentrations of most studied elements in water samples were on the 0.X µg/L level, while only the contents of Tl, As, Mn, Cd, Pb and Sb in two water reservoirs were above the limits established for drinking water. The content of studied metals in sediments was in a wide range from X mg/kg (Se and Sb) to X000 mg/kg (Pb and Zn).Conclusions  and Recommendation. The study indicates that the impact of Tl, As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, Se and Sb on bottom sediments is much more extensive than on the water in ponds located in the vicinity of a post-flotation waste heap. Monitoring of surface and underground waters, if limited only to the dissolved elements, can lead to faulty conclusions about environmental pollution. The bottom sediments mainly contain easily mobilised phases, and water-sediment equilibrium could be changed easily.     

Replacement of fish oil with alternative lipid sources in plant‐based practical feed formulations for marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in outdoor ponds and tanks

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of partial substitution of menhaden fish oil by alternative lipid sources (soybean oil, poultry grease and flaxseed oil) in non‐marine protein‐based shrimp production diet, its influence on fatty acid profile and its final product flavour. Results for the pond study (17 weeks) showed no differences (P ≥ 0.05) in shrimp production among different test diets. Production ranged from 5070 to 5363 kg ha^?1; mean final weight, 18.0 to 21.6 g; weekly growth, 1.04 to 1.25 g; survival, 65.6 to 75.4%; and FCR, 1.37 to 1.45. Results from the tank trial (12 weeks) confirmed these findings, final weight, 13.8–14.8 g; weekly growth, 1.1–1.2 g; survival, 92.5–98.3%; FCR, 1.05–1.11; and final standing crop, 4738–5024 kg ha^?1. The fatty acids profiles of edible tail muscle reared on the various diets displayed a similar fatty acid profile to that of the diets. The sensory test showed no statistical differences in texture, appearance, aroma and flavour between the shrimp fed diets containing menhaden fish oil and soybean oil. These studies demonstrated that practical shrimp feeds containing non‐marine protein ingredients and a percentage of fish oil replaced by alternative lipid sources had no negative impact on mean final weight, weekly growth, survival, FCR, final standing crop, fatty acids profile and organoleptic properties of Litopenaeus vannamei.     

The use of fermented soybean meal and squid by-product blend as a substitute for fish meal in practical diets for climbing perch,Anabas testudienus (Bloch, 1792), pond culture: Growth performance and economics analysis

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different ratios of fish meal (FM) to a fermented blend (FB: fermented soybean meal and squid by-product blend) on growth and economic performance of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792), in earthen ponds. Five diets were prepared where FB was substituted for 0 (D1), 25 (D2), 50 (D3), 75 (D4), or 100% FM protein (D5), while a commercial diet (D6) was used for comparison. Triplicate groups of fish (1.03 ± 0.07 g) were fed twice daily up to satiation for 70 days in earthen ponds. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were found in growth performance of fish fed D1, D2, D3, and D6 diets, while fish growth decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in D4 and D5 groups. Feed intake decreased (P < 0.05) with the increasing levels of FB with no significant difference in the feed conversion ratio, which ranged from 1.98 to 2.08. The fish survival decreased significantly in D5 alone. While considering the overall production, the total yield and economic return were found to be highest in D2 (64176.7 TK ha^?1) and lowest in D5 (14418.3 Tk. ha^?1). Based on the present experimental condition, it is concluded that FB can economically be included in aquafeed as a substitute for up to 50% of FM protein from the diets of climbing perch.     

养鳗池塘生态系统中矿物元素及其影响因素

对比分析了6口处于不同养殖阶段的日本鳗鲡(Anguill japonica)池塘水体、水源、底泥及饲料中的矿物元素,探讨了池塘生态系统中矿物元素的主要影响因素和生产管理对策,结果表明:1)养鳗池塘水体矿物元素与所处养殖阶段投入饲料的品种相关,底泥中矿物元素部分在养殖过程中积累而来;2)主成分分析结果表明钙、镁、铝元素是...