Water and Sediment Quality,Phytoplankton Communities,and Channel Catfish Production in Sodium Nitrate-Treated Ponds

Three channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ponds were treated at two-week intervals with sodium nitrate at 2 mg NO₃ ^?-N/L per application and three ponds served as controls. Average concentration of nitrite-nitrogen measured midway between application dates never exceeded 1.2 mg/L in treated ponds, but on most sampling dates, nitrate concentrations were greater than those in control ponds (P < 0.1). Disappearance of nitrate-nitrogen from waters of treated ponds resulted primarily from nitrate reduction to free nitrogen gas. Soluble reactive and total phosphorus concentrations tended to be higher (P < 0.1) in treated ponds than in control ponds. There were no differences (P > 0.1) in pH and concentrations of total alkalinity, total ammonia nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen between treated and control ponds. The higher chlorophyll a concentration (P < 0.1) suggested that greater availability of nutrients in treated ponds resulted in more phytoplankton growth than in control ponds. Because of greater phytoplankton biomass, turbidity was higher and Secchi disk visibility less in treated ponds as compared to control ponds (P < 0.1). There were no obvious differences in phytoplankton community composition with respect to treatment—blue-green algae dominated the phytoplankton community in both treated and control ponds. Redox potential in sediment during crops was higher in ponds treated with sodium nitrate than in control ponds, indicating less anaerobic conditions. However, catfish survival, production, and feed conversion ratio did not differ (P > 0.1) between treatment and control.     

大规格罗非鱼种池塘围栏越冬技术

【目的】探讨大规格罗非鱼种池塘围栏的越冬技术,为罗非鱼养殖提供低成本、高收益的安全越冬技术。【方法】在3个池塘中设置隔水围栏,越冬期陆续抽取地下温水补充注入围栏内,并对围栏内与外塘相近区域水温及水体溶解氧、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮等水质指标进行监测。【结果】越冬期,除2号池塘外,围栏内水温保持在16~18℃,水体溶解氧的变化范围为3.5~6.0mg/L,氨氮平均值低于0.5mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮低于0.06mg/L;3个池塘罗非鱼鱼种成活率分别为98.0%、62.0%和99.0%。【结论】采用池塘围栏与抽取地下温水注入相结合的越冬模式,能确保大规格罗非鱼种安全越冬且生长效果较好,可在广西范围内推广应用。     

越冬池溶解氧含量的无线监测与控制系统初步设计

为确保鱼类安全越冬,避免因越冬池缺氧而大量死亡,设计了越冬池溶解氧含量无线监测和增氧机控制系统。该系统运行安全可靠,能够保证鱼类越冬生产的安全性,提高鱼类越冬成活率。     

主养草鱼池塘三种混养模式鱼类生长和效益的比较

为进一步提高我国广大池塘养鱼的产品质量、经济效益和改善其生态环境。本试验在武汉新洲973项目实验基地9个陆基鱼池中进行了三种不同混养模式鱼类生长和效益的比较研究,每种模式设3个重复。模式Ⅰ中放养草鱼、鲢、鳙和高背鲫;模式Ⅱ中放养草鱼、鲢、鳙、匙吻鲟和高背鲫;模式Ⅲ中放养草鱼、鲢和高背鲫。 结果表明：通过122d的养殖试验,模式Ⅱ中草鱼的生长不仅显著高于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ（P<0.05）,而且其经济效益模式Ⅱ同样高于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ。     

有机海水围塘养殖生态系统能量收支与利用效率研究

对连云港市宋庄镇有机海水养殖基地的海水围塘南美白对虾—缢蛏—梭鱼混养系统和南美白对虾单养系统的能量收支与利用效率进行了研究。结果表明,在有机水产养殖方式下,混养系统中能量输入、输出分别为10.54和8.37MJ/m2,单养系统能量输出、输入分别为13.45和10.72MJ/m2。混养系统的光能利用率、光合能转换效率、生物能转换效率、总能转化率和底泥沉积率分别为0.18%、34.51%、48.11%、16.89%和62.41%,单养系统相对应的数据分别为0.19%、24.95%、24.04%、11.17%和68.54%。混养系统除光能利用率外,其他指标均优于单养系统,底泥沉积率亦小于单养系统。从综合生态经济指标来看,混养系统也优于单养系统,但2者综合生态经济指标(EY)均小于1,混养和单养系统都具有提高经济效益和生态效益的潜力。     

家鱼池塘底泥耗氧率与理化因子的相关性分析

采用原位底泥耗氧测定法,研究了10口家鱼鱼池底泥耗氧率与底部水体理化因子(溶氧、温度、pH值、氧化还原电位)和底泥有机质含量及深度的相关关系。结果显示:池塘平均底泥耗氧率(SOD)为0.91 g/(m2.d),变动范围为0.76～1.09 g/(m2.d)。双变量相关性分析表明,底泥耗氧率与池塘底部水体理化指标的相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),与溶氧相关性最高(Pearson相关系数为0.779),其次是温度、pH值和氧化还原电位,相关系数分别为0.587、0.557和-0.421;底泥耗氧率与底泥深度相关性达到显著水平(P<0.05)。偏相关分析结果表明,底泥耗氧率与溶氧和温度呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与其它因素均未达到显著水平。影响底泥耗氧率最重要的环境因子是溶氧,其次是温度。利用BP神经网络分析影响SOD的理化因子,以溶氧、温度和底泥深度为BP神经网络模型的输入变量建立BP神经网络模型对SOD进行预测分析,BP神经网络模型训练和测试相关系数分别为0.911和0.879,平均相对误差分别为11.6%和10.4%,预测值与真实值偏差较小,拟合度较高,可有效预测池塘底泥耗氧率。     

Effect of supplemental feed type on water quality,plankton and benthos availability and carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) growth in semi‐intensive monoculture ponds

A four‐and‐a‐half months study was conducted in nine earthen ponds to evaluate the addition of different supplemental feeds as a management tool for enhancing natural food availability and common carp growth, while maintaining optimal water quality in the semi‐intensive system. Three supplemental feeds were used: commercial extruded and pelleted feed with 25% protein and 7% fat and cereals. The type of supplemental feed did not influence water quality, except hardness, but significantly affected abundance of cyanobacteria, natural food availability and common carp growth. The use of pelleted feed was related to the lowest abundance of cyanobacteria in the ponds. For the two groups of large zooplankton, Cladocera and Copepoda, abundances were higher in the ponds with pelleted feed compared with the ponds where cereals and extruded feed were used. The abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in the treatment with pelleted feed was three times higher than in the other two treatments. The results of this study indicate that pelleted feed can help farmers not only as a source of nutrients for carp growth but also indirectly as a management tool for maintaining ecological stability and control of cyanobacterial bloom in ponds.     

方斑东风螺地膜覆沙池和潮线下养殖系统细菌种群结构的PCR-DGGE 分析

为了解方斑东风螺养殖系统中细菌种群结构,研究和优化方斑东风螺地膜覆沙池养殖体系的管理模式。试验采用PCR-DGGE技术,对方斑东风螺地膜覆沙池养殖系统和潮线下养殖系统底质样品和水体样品中的细菌种群结构进行了分析。试验结果显示,以广东省湛江市东海岛海水为基础构建的方斑东风螺养殖系统内主要细菌种群包括变形菌门、绿弯菌门、蓝细菌门和放线菌门。其中地膜覆沙池养殖系统主要细菌种群包括γ-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲、变形菌纲、厌氧绳菌纲、蓝细菌和放线菌等;潮线下养殖系统主要细菌种群包括γ-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲、厌氧绳菌纲、蓝细菌,而变形菌纲和放线菌的分布较少。被检测的两个养殖系统中细菌种群均具有较高的多样性,UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,被检测的两个养殖系统底质样品S1和S2为一簇,种群结构相似度为54.5%;两个养殖系统的水体样品S3和S4为一簇,种群结构相似度为84.0%;试验结果说明,通过池塘水体更新和微生物种群监测等调控手段有效控制养殖系统微生物种群结构,能够使方斑东风螺地膜覆沙池养殖系统的微生物生态水平接近潮线下养殖系统。     

分隔式循环水池塘养殖系统设计与试验

为了解决池塘养殖设施化程度低、净化能力不足和排污效果差等问题,设计了分隔式循环水池塘养殖系统。该系统由20%水面的吃食性鱼类养殖区和80%水面的滤杂食性鱼类养殖区构成,配置过水堰、螺旋桨式和水车式推流装置、集污和吸污装置等养殖系统设施和装备。性能测试结果表明:螺旋桨式推流装置提水动力效率为340 m~3/(k W·h),流量为204 m~3/h,空载噪音为60 d B;水车式推流装置提水动力效率为360 m~3/(k W·h),流量为180 m~3/h,空载噪音为67 d B;过水堰过水的总流量约为331 m~3/h,利用水循环装备实现水体流动可实现水体日交换量7 900 m~3,达到养殖池塘水体的50%左右。利用推流装置搅动水体,可实现水体大范围的对流,交替暴晒水体,增加水体中的溶解氧,试验池塘中下层溶解氧水平比对照塘高出59.5%,试验池塘叶绿素a浓度比对照塘低,说明一定程度上限制了浮游植物过渡繁殖。该养殖系统可为池塘健康养殖系统模式构建提供参考。     

基于物质平衡的对虾高位池循环水养殖系统设计与试验

为建立一种高效、低成本的高位池循环水养殖系统构建技术,采用物质平衡相关原理,结合水净化设施构建技术,精准设计确立水处理系统物理过滤设施体积、生物过滤设施体积、循环量及供氧量等关键参数,并优化系统结构,建立融斜管沉淀设施、流化床生物过滤设施、增氧于一体的设施型高位池循环水养殖系统。应用该系统开展凡纳滨对虾运行试验,结果表明:p H值7.43~8.03,溶解氧5.32~7.82 mg/L,氨氮值0.06~0.54 mg/L,水质调控良好;系统养殖负荷2.26 kg/m3,饲料系数1.17,成活率81.3%,取得高效养殖生长结果;单茬利润3.34万元,亩均年利润2.67万元(按1年3茬计),获得良好经济效益。该研究系统主要参数设定值(预期值)与实测值吻合较好,可为高位池养殖模式可持续发展提供借鉴。