Changes in the microbial community structure in soils treated with a mixture of glucose and peptone with reference to the respiratory quinone profile

Based on the respiratory quinone profile, changes in the structure of microbial communities in the soil samples from Nagoya University Farm were monitored after the treatment with 1% of a mixture of glucose and peptone. Samples of two soils differing in the fertilization history were examined: CF-soil with the application of only chemical fertilizers and FYM-soil with the application of only farmyard manure at a high rate. In the CF-soil, the amount of water-soluble organic carbon (WOC), indicator of the mixture of glucose and peptone, decreased to the original level after 14 d. After 7 d, the soil pH reached the maximum level, then decreased gradually. Changes in the inorganic nitrogen levels in the water extract also reflected the 14-d period of mineralization. The amount of respiratory quinones reached maximum levels after 7 d and gradually decreased, reflecting the changes in the microbial biomass. The quinone composition significantly changed during the 14-d period and returned to a profile similar to the original one after 28 d. Diversity of quinones significantly decreased during the 14-d period due to the predominance of ubiquinone with 9 isoprenoid units. In the FYM-soil, the amount of WOC decreased to the original level after 1 d, and the pH and inorganic nitrogen levels in the water extract reflected the one-day mineralization period, and nitrification started after 3 d. Although the amount of quinones indicated an increase in the microbial biomass for 14 d, the quinone composition did not change. These findings suggested that long-term application of farmyard manure resulted in stable microbial communities in response to the incorporation of organic matter in soil.     

土地退化/恢复中土壤可蚀性动态变化

利用EPIC公式计算了不同开垦和退耕年限的土壤可蚀性K值,对黄土高原典型自然恢复区子午岭林区土地退化/恢复过程中土壤可蚀性的动态变化进行了系统的研究。结果表明：土地开垦后,土壤颗粒向粗骨化方向发展,有机碳含量降低,土壤可蚀性逐渐增强;土地退耕过程中,土壤有机碳含量逐渐增加,肥力水平提高,可蚀性逐渐减小;土壤中有机碳含量、全氮含量、水稳性团聚体含量以及团聚度与土壤可蚀性K值相关最为密切;土壤可蚀性的强弱本质上取决于土壤有机碳含量,恢复植被以提高土壤有机质含量,促进土壤团聚体的形成,增强土壤团聚度,是降低土壤可蚀性能的重要途径。     

基于集合经验模态分解北疆降水多尺度变化特征

降水是中国西北干旱区水资源的重要组成部分,利用合理方法有效认识降水的区域变化规律对指导农业发展尤为重要。基于北疆42个气象站1961—2012年降水序列数据,从气候时间序列中提取气候信号中各个尺度的变化,对北疆过去52a来的降水进行多尺度分析,并对其空间差异进行了初步探讨。结果表明:过去52a北疆降水量存在明显的年际和年代尺度的变化,年际尺度的周期为5a和8a,年代尺度的周期为10a和30a。变化趋势上,降水量1985s之前呈减少趋势,在1985s之后呈增加趋势,且后期的增幅大于前期的减幅。突变分析表明北疆年降水量呈增加趋势。集合经验模态分解(EEMD)是一种适用于非线性、非平稳序列的信号分析方法,将EEMD应用于气候要素时间序列,可提取可靠真实的气候变化信号,同时,EEMD可以得到气候变化的固有时间尺度。     

宁夏东部荒漠草原猪毛蒿光合特征和水分利用效率对降水变化的响应

荒漠草原植物的生长和生存受降水影响很大,本研究以宁夏东部荒漠草原猪毛蒿种群为研究对象,2017-2020年连续4年监测了降水改变条件下土壤水分特征,测定了猪毛蒿净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度等光合特征,并对其内禀水分利用效率和瞬时水分利用效率进行了分析。研究表明：4年中无效降水事件(<5mm)发生次数较多,占当年降水频次的60.00%～82.54%;大雨(≥25 mm且≤49.9 mm)和暴雨等级(≥50 mm)降水事件较少,平均单次降水事件的降水量仅为3.3～6.5 mm·次^-1。不同处理各土层的土壤含水量存在较大差异,表层(10 cm)土壤含水量较次表层(20 cm)和深层(60 cm)的变幅大;次表层(20 cm)土壤平均含水量低于表层,与小降水事件发生频次较高无法入渗补给以及植物吸收消耗有关;深层(60 cm)土壤含水量变化小,较稳定。净光合速率随着光合有效辐射的增加而增大,当光合有效辐射在400～1600μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,增雨处理提高了猪毛蒿的净光合速率;在...     

双孢蘑菇贮藏条件对其生理生化变化影响的研究进展

贮藏条件是影响双孢蘑菇贮藏效果的重要因素,介绍了气体成分、温度和湿度等因素对双孢蘑菇生理生化变化的影响。     

基于GEE的山东省近30年农业大棚时空动态变化研究

针对精确获取大尺度空间范围内农业大棚的分布情况并进行长时间的序列动态监测存在数据量大、计算效率低、精度不高等问题,利用Google Earth Engine(GEE)云平台能够实现快速存取、实时处理海量卫星数据,基于多时相Landsat影像进行农业大棚时序光谱特征和纹理特征的自动提取,采用随机森林算法实现山东省农业大棚的遥感分类,从而生成了山东省近30年农业大棚的空间分布和时空动态变化图。结果表明,本文分类流程具有较高的分类精度,其平均总体精度达到91.63%,Kappa系数均值为0.8642。经分析,山东省农业大棚从1990年的6.67 km^2增加到2018年的9919.40 km^2,增长速度为354.03 km^2/a。     

二苯胺处理对鸭梨果实冷害的影响

研究了贮前二苯胺（DPA）处理对在低温条件下（0℃）贮藏鸭梨果实的果心褐变及生理变化的影响。结果表明：急骤降温（0℃）可产生严重的早期果心褐变,贮前二苯胺处理在一定条件下可减轻鸭梨果实的早期褐变,贮藏60 d时DPA处理果实的褐变指数为0.233,而对照为0.417;同时DPA处理可降低果实的乙烯释放量、抑制多酚氧化酶活性、保持果实酚类物质含量,对丙二醛（MDA）含量和果实相对电导率也有一定影响。     

Water management and crop production for food security in China: A review

Food security is a high priority issue on the Chinese political agenda. China’s food security is challenged by several anthropogenic, sociopolitical and policy factors, including: population growth; urbanization and industrialization; land use changes and water scarcity; income growth and nutritional transition; and turbulence in global energy and food markets. Sustained growth in agricultural productivity and stable relations with global food suppliers are the twin anchors of food security. Shortfalls in domestic food production can take their toll on international food markets. Turbulence in global energy markets can affect food prices and supply costs, affecting food security and poverty. Policy safeguards are needed to shield food supply against such forces. China must make unremitting policy responses to address the loss of its fertile land for true progress towards the goal of national food security, by investing in infrastructure such as irrigation, drainage, storage, transport, and agricultural research and institutional reforms such as tenure security and land market liberalization. The links between water and other development-related sectors such as population, energy, food, and environment, and the interactions among them require reckoning, as they together will determine future food security and poverty reduction in China. Climate change is creating a new level of uncertainty in water governance, requiring accelerated research to avoid water-related stresses.     

吉林省半干旱区45年气候变化及基于Hybrid-Maize的玉米品种熟期选择

本研究分析吉林省西部半干旱地区1971~2015年气候要素变化特征,用Hybrid-Maize模型估算该区域品种熟期(GDD)不同玉米品种的产量潜力。结果表明,该区域近45年温度、降水和日照时数年均变化与玉米生长季变化趋势类似,但生长季变幅与年均值变幅差异较大,且生长季时间序列上突变点明显不同,温度和降水具有滞后性,日照时数具有超前性,其中,生长季温度增幅高于全年温度增幅,但突变时间滞后10年;长期年均降水波动性大,而生长季降水较全年呈现明显上升趋势,且2010年以来生长季均为较湿润阶段。生长季日照时数减少比年均减少趋势慢,为其下降速率的40%。以4月30日为适播期,种植密度60 000株/hm~2时,乾安、洮南、前郭推荐熟期相对较长品种(GDD=1656-1672),扶余、镇赉推荐熟期相对较短品种(GDD为1606和1500)。洮南、扶余、前郭玉米R/V值接近1.0,乾安和镇赉R/V超过1.15,利于获得较高产量。     

鲜食枣树体根部矿质元素含量的年动态变化

为了研究枣树根系年生长周期内矿质元素含量变化的情况,提高枣园的栽培管理技术,为科学合理的施肥提供一定的科学依据。对‘大白铃枣’、‘大瓜枣’、‘梨枣’、‘苹果枣’、‘晋矮3号’果实生长发育时期根系氮、磷、钾、钙、镁含量的变化规律进行研究。结果表明:植株生长初期,根系开始活动,活力不高,植株主要依靠体内贮藏营养物质来提供生长发育所需矿质元素,各枣品种大多数矿质元素的含量有不同程度地减少;植株生长中期通过根系从土壤中吸收大量矿质元素供新器官发育,根系中矿质元素变化较为复杂;在植株生长后期,大多数矿质元素均出现不同程度地增加并趋于稳定,开始为冬季休眠进行营养物质的贮藏。