体细胞突变技术在草坪草种质创新上的最新应用

体细胞突变已经成为草坪草育种领域的研究热点之一。本文综述了近几年来国内外体细胞突变技术在几种主要草坪草种质创新上的相关研究,概述了这几种草坪草胚性愈伤组织诱导和植株高频再生技术,着重叙述了体细胞胚在低温、高盐、高温等非生物胁迫下培养和筛选的定向诱变技术、离体培养与辐照相结合的非定向诱变技术以及利用分子标记对获得的再生材料进行鉴定技术等方面的研究进展;此外,还分析了体细胞突变技术在草坪草抗性育种中存在的诱变频率较低、性状改良效果不理想、突变体鉴定不全面、变异机理研究不深入等主要问题,并对未来研究方向进行了讨论和建议。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒广西分离株血清亚型的确定

应用兔制备的抗传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)高免血清,在鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)上对从广西发病鸡群分离的4个IBDV代表性流行毒株和2个常用疫苗株进行交叉中和试验。结果表明6个毒株被分为2个血清亚型;根据试验所得的R值,应用聚类分析法分析了各亚型毒株之间的亲缘关系,结果显示目前在广西流行的IBDV野毒株之间以及其与疫苗株间的抗原性存在一定的差异。研究结果对及时掌握广西IBDV流行毒株的抗原变异并为研制更有效的适合本地使用的IBD疫苗提供了科学依据。     

A long‐term study of burning effects on a plant pathogen in tallgrass prairie

Tallgrass prairie species have evolved with regular exposure to fire. However, burning has been used as a management tool for reducing plant disease in agricultural systems, posing the question of how plant pathogens of tallgrass prairie would be affected by burning. The rust fungus Puccinia dioicae, infecting Erigeron strigosus (Asteraceae), was studied for 8 years in long‐term experiments to evaluate the effects of burning in native tallgrass prairie. This experiment also allowed evaluation of the effects of nutrient additions, although E. strigosus was rare in the plots with added nutrients in most years. Burning reduced rust severity in most years, but effects from additions of nutrients were rarely observed. There was high interannual variation in rust severity within a location, suggesting that weather may be the most important of these three abiotic factors in determining infection. An analysis of weather variables associated with disease severity found that solar radiation in the month prior to sampling was associated with severity in unburned plots; temperature approximately 2 months prior to sampling was also associated with severity in burned plots. High interannual variation also suggests that the effects of this pathogen on its host would be sporadic and difficult to study in short‐term experiments.     

Investigation of Aegilopsumbellulatafor stripe rust resistance,heading date,and the contents of iron,zinc, and gluten protein

Aegilops umbellulata (UU) is a wheat wild relative that has potential use in the genetic improvement of wheat.  In this study, 46 Ae. umbellulata accessions were investigated for stripe rust resistance, heading date (HD), and the contents of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and seed gluten proteins.  Forty-two of the accessions were classified as resistant to stripe rust, while the other four accessions were classified as susceptible to stripe rust in four environments.  The average HD of Ae. umbellulata was significantly longer than that of three common wheat cultivars (180.9 d vs. 137.0 d), with the exception of PI226500 (138.9 d).  The Ae. umbellulata accessions also showed high variability in Fe (69.74–348.09 mg kg^–1) and Zn (49.83–101.65 mg kg^–1) contents. Three accessions (viz., PI542362, PI542363, and PI554399) showed relatively higher Fe (230.96–348.09 mg kg^–1) and Zn (92.46–101.65 mg kg^–1) contents than the others.  The Fe content of Ae. umbellulata was similar to those of Ae. comosa and Ae. markgrafii but higher than those of Ae. tauschii and common wheat.  Aegilops umbellulata showed a higher Zn content than Ae. tauschii, Ae. comosa, and common wheat, but a lower content than Ae. markgrafii.  Furthermore, Ae. umbellulata had the highest proportion of γ-gliadin among all the species investigated (Ae. umbellulata vs. other species=mean 72.11% vs. 49.37%; range: 55.33–86.99% vs. 29.60–67.91%).  These results demonstrated that Ae. umbellulata exhibits great diversity in the investigated traits, so it can provide a potential gene pool for the genetic improvement of these traits in wheat.     

三江源区高寒草原土壤湿度变化特征及与气候因子的关系

利用青海省三江源区兴海县牧业气象站1999-2016年高寒草原土壤湿度、牧草生育期资料,分析了高寒草原土壤湿度的年、季变化特征以及牧草生长季不同生育期土壤湿度的变化特征及与气候因子的关系。结果表明:高寒草原0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40和40-50 cm土壤湿度均随年际延长呈增加趋势,春季除40-50 cm土层外,其他各层土壤湿度均随年际延长呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。高寒草原牧草生长季的土壤相对湿度随年际延长呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),且与生长季降水量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。随着气候变化,牧草抽穗、开花、成熟和枯黄期的土壤相对湿度随年际延长呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。牧草抽穗期、枯黄和全生育期的土壤湿度与气温呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。高寒草原牧草生长季土壤湿度的增加有利于草地植被生长。     

烟草赤星病不同菌株致病力差异的研究

本试验研究结果表明：采用离体叶片鉴定品种抗病性时点滴法优于喷雾法．从来源不同的１１个烟草赤星病菌株中筛选出致病力最强的Ａ４菌株，鉴别出几个烟草品种抗病性由强到弱的顺位为净叶黄＞晒烟９号＞风林一号＞Ｇ８０＞Ｎｃ８９＞Ｋ３２６．提出了烟草赤星病菌存在生理小种的可能性     

猪肌细胞生成素基因的研究进展

综述猪肌细胞生成素(MyoG)对猪产肉量影响的作用机制和猪肌细胞生成素基因的定位及结构,并分析其PCR-RFLP遗传变异.     

油菜抗倒伏测试风洞关键部件仿真与试验

为解决现有油菜抗倒伏品种选育周期长、难度大等问题，依托计算流体力学软件Fluent建立油菜抗倒伏测试风洞模型，对风洞扩散段、稳定段、收缩段等关键部位进行参数设计及仿真试验，分析该模型对风洞流场品质的影响，最终通过正交试验选择最佳设计方案。结果显示，单因素试验中，收缩段长度Lc增加，风洞出口风速变异系数增加，气流品质下降；随稳定段长度Lw增加，风洞出口风速变异系数先减小后增加，稳定段长度1 000 mm时，风速变异系数最低，气流品质最佳；阻尼网距稳定段出口长度增加，风洞出口风速变异系数先降低后增加，阻尼网距稳定段出口0.65Lw时，风速变异系数最小。正交试验结果显示，收缩段长度600 mm、稳定段800 mm、阻尼网距风洞出口0.65Lw时，对应风洞试验区风速平均变异系数为0.139，风速较其他方案更稳定，气流品质最佳。实测验证发现，与仿真结果相比，实测风速大小无明显差别，且实测结果中各截面风速变异系数略优于仿真值，整体仿真结果与实测效果拟合较好。     

猪基因组结构变异研究进展

结构变异（structural variation,SV）广泛分布在基因组中,并主要以缺失、插入、重复、倒位和易位的形式出现。SV可以通过不同的机制直接或间接影响基因剂量,从而导致畜禽的表型变异,甚至引起疾病。随着分子生物学的发展和新基因组技术的进步,SV在猪基因组的研究越来越多,主要包括繁殖性状、肉质性状、生长性状、毛色、疾病等。本文参考了国内外相关报道,对SV的定义、分类、形成机制、检测方法以及在猪基因组的研究进展进行综述,并对目前SV研究存在的问题提出了建议以及未来的研究趋势进行了展望。