不同草种对土著AM真菌的生长和群落结构的影响

以果园生草栽培为背景,果园土壤中土著AM真菌为研究对象,考察了柱花草、百喜草和藿香蓟对与之根系共生的AM真菌的生长与群落结构的影响。结果表明,柱花草根系的侵染率(62.2%)显著高于百喜草(36.5%)和藿香蓟(37.3%),丛枝率有相似的趋势;3种草地上部的生物量和含磷量没有差异,但是柱花草根系含磷量显著高于百喜草和藿香蓟;柱花草根际土壤中AM真菌的菌种丰度和菌丝密度均小于百喜草和藿香蓟,但是孢子密度大于藿香蓟而小于百喜草;藿香蓟根际土著AM真菌群落的多样性指数略高于柱花草和百喜草;PCR-DGGE分析结果与之吻合。试验表明,在果园土壤中,不同草种根际的土著AM真菌群落结构并不相同,在选择草种进行生草栽培的过程中应该考虑这些不同。     

Sheep performance under intensive continuous grazing of native grasslands of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum notatum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Axonopus compressus</Emphasis> in the subtropical region of the Highlands of Central Mexico

Liveweight gain was evaluated in tropical Dorper X Pelibuey lambs under intensive continuous grazing of native grasslands dominated by Paspalum notatum (PN) or Axonopus compressus (AC) in the subtropics of Central Mexico. Two trials were undertaken. Trial 1 lasted 12 weeks with 10 lambs (initial weight 18 +/- 2.57 kg, 3 months old) per treatment in 2002, and Trial 2 for 13 weeks with 8 lambs (initial weight 24.0 +/- 2.0 kg, 4 months old) per treatment. Lambs were weighed once per week, and liveweight change was estimated by linear regression over day of the experiment, using individual regression coefficients as unbiased estimates of daily liveweight change; analysed in a random block design. Lambs on Trial 1 gained 0.061 kg/lamb/day on PN and 0.047 kg/lamb/day on AC (P > 0.05) at an overall mean stocking rate of 25 lambs/ha. In Trial 2, liveweight gain was significantly larger in PN (0.060 kg/lamb/day) than on AC (0.043 kg/lamb/day) (P < 0.05), at a mean stocking rate of 21.5 lambs/ha. It is concluded that intensive continuous grazing of native grasslands in the subtropics of the highlands of Central Mexico enables moderate liveweight gains for weaned lambs during the rainy season; with better results in grasslands dominated by Paspalum notatum.     

Feulgen-DNA densitometry of embryo sacs permits discrimination between sexual and apomictic plants in Paspalum simplex

The chromosomes of sexual diploid plants of Paspalum simplex were colchicine-doubled and the plant obtained were crossed with their aposporous natural tetraploid counterparts to generate a F1 population segregating for apomixis. Analysis of the DNA content during megagametogenesis indicated that although the nuclei of nucellus and developing embryo sacs were in both the G1 and G2 phases, polar nuclei and egg cells of mature embryo sacs tended to remain in the G1 phase. Because both meiotic and aposporous mature embryo sacs are of the 8-nucleated-type in P. simplex and are barely distinguishable, nuclear DNA content of polar nuclei was used to distinguish apomictic and sexual phenotypes and confirmation obtained by progeny testing. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Grain crop response to contour hedgerow systems on sloping Oxisols

Farming systems that minimize the rate of soil degradation and optimize food crop yields are needed to sustain soil productivity on sloping, acid, infertile soils in the humid tropics. Research was conducted on two Oxisols with slopes ranging from 22 to 30% to evaluate the performance of several contour hedgerow systems, with and without the addition of 60 kg N ha−1 per crop, on rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays L.) production. Contour hedgerows were double rows of the tree legume Gliricidia sepium (G); Gliricidia and the native grass Paspalum conjugatum (GPas); Gliricidia and an exotic fodder grass Penisetum purpureum (GPen); double rows of Penisetum (Pen); and a conventional open field (C) farming system without hedgerows. Gliricidia prunings and all crop residues were applied to the soil surface in the alleys, but Penisetum was harvested. Food crop yields in all hedgerow treatments tended to be less than the Control for the first two years, presumably due to the displacement of land planted to the food crop. In the third and the fourth years, the rice and maize yields of Treatments G and GPas exceeded the Control, most consistently when N was not applied. Penisetum reduced food crop yields regardless of N application presumably due to nutrient removal in the fodder. The results indicate that Gliricidia in a contour hedgerow increases food crop yield on strongly acid Oxisols by recycling nutrients and partially supplementing the N demand by the food crops. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海滨雀稗EST资源的SSR信息分析及EST-SSR标记开发

本研究探讨海滨雀稗EST序列中SSR位点的分布特征,开发EST-SSR引物分析其在草坪草种质资源遗传多样性研究中的应用。利用SSRIT软件对81220条海滨雀稗EST序列进行SSR位点搜索,分析EST-SSR的分布和特点,并利用Primer 3.0软件设计50对引物,选择10份草坪草对引物进行有效性和多态性检测。结果表明,从13705条海滨雀稗EST序列中检测到了22721个SSR位点,出现频率为16.87%。三核苷和单核苷酸重复为主要类型,所占比例分别为31.71%和29.28%。在检测到的163种基元中,出现最多的重复基元是A/T,其次是CCG/CGG和AGC/CTG。选择合成了50对EST-SSR引物,以海滨雀稗‘Adalady’基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,其中37对引物能扩增出条带。利用这些引物对10份草坪草品种进行多态性检测,其中12对引物的扩增结果具有多态性。利用开发的EST-SSR标记对10份草坪草进行聚类分析,可将其分为4类。利用海滨雀稗EST序列开发SSR标记是可行的,开发的EST-SSR标记能有效用于草坪草遗传多样性研究。     

Are more productive varieties of Paspalum dilatatum less tolerant to drought?

Paspalum dilatatum Poir., is a perennial C₄ grass widely distributed in the Argentinean Pampas. The response to water availability for materials developed with forage‐production purposes is unknown. We hypothesized that genetic differences between commercial varieties are reflected in their regrowth capacity under water stress. The effect of five levels of constant water supply on three plant varieties (two derived from apomictic materials: ‘Relincho’ and ‘Alonso’ and one from sexually‐derived material: ‘Primo’) were examined in the greenhouse. Leaf‐ and plant‐response traits were followed during 38 d after a single defoliation event. Seven response variables were measured: three of them were morphogenetic (leaf elongation rate, leaf appearance rate and leaf elongation duration) and four were structural (number of live leaves, lamina length, tiller biomass and tiller production). The sexual material showed higher values for growth variables than the apomictic varieties (leaf elongation rate, leaf length and tiller biomass) across the environmental range. Apomictic varieties showed a proportionally similar drought response to the sexual material for the seven variables. No intra‐specific trade‐off (statistical interaction) was found between growth under high water availability conditions and drought tolerance.     

双穗雀稗对猪场污水的净化效果

于2009年5月以双穗雀稗(Paspalum distichum L.)为供试材料、河砂为基质开展其为期30d的静态水培试验,研究在25%、50%、75%、100%共4种猪场养殖污水浓度下,双穗雀稗的生长状况及对污水的净化效果,选择适宜的猪场养殖污水浓度以提高双穗雀稗的净化效率和生产效率。结果表明,污水浓度增加对双穗雀稗的株高影响不显著,但对生物量具有显著影响(P<0.05),高浓度污水对根长的生长具有明显阻碍作用;与不栽种植株的静置组相比,双穗雀稗水培对污水中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)具有较好的去除效果,TN的去除率为98.75%-99.31%,TP的去除率为96.54%-99.79%。100%污水时,TN、TP的去除量最大,分别为507 mg·L^-1和32mg·L^-1;而对COD和NH₄⁺-N的去除效果并不显著。     

不同播种期对宽叶雀稗生长发育和农艺性状的影响

为探讨宽叶雀稗在春季播种的最适时间,于3月25日到4月15日进行宽叶雀稗春季不同播种期试验。通过对其主要性状(发芽率、出苗率、株高、覆盖度和分蘖数)的比较,发现宽叶雀稗在贵阳花溪地区春季的最适播种时间为4月1日至4月8日,这2次播种的宽叶雀稗生长表现相对较好,出苗率高,株高较高,覆盖度大,分蘖数少。     

外源水杨酸对低温胁迫下海滨雀稗抗寒生理特征的影响

为探讨水杨酸(SA)对海滨雀稗耐寒性的影响,以海滨雀稗“白金”品种为材料,分析了外源水杨酸(1 mmol·L^-1)预处理对适温(30 ℃/25 ℃,昼/夜),冷害(8 ℃/4 ℃)和冻害(2 ℃/-2 ℃)3种温度处理下海滨雀稗生长速率和草坪质量、叶片电导率(EL)和丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、脂肪酸含量及脂肪酸不饱和指数的影响。结果表明,在冷害和冻害下,草坪质量下降,叶片EL增大,MDA含量升高,叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性升高;而外源SA预处理显著缓解低温对海滨雀稗草坪质量的伤害,降低叶片EL和MDA含量,提高SOD、POD和CAT活性。低温下叶片不饱和脂肪酸含量升高,饱和脂肪酸含量下降,而外源SA预处理将进一步显著提高不饱和脂肪酸的含量和脂肪酸不饱和指数。因此,外源SA预处理显著提高冷害和冻害胁迫下海滨雀稗叶片的不饱和脂肪酸含量和不饱和指数,从而维持低温胁迫下细胞膜的稳定性,增强抗氧化能力,缓解低温对植株的伤害而提高耐寒能力。     

百喜草对坡地果园水土保持及土壤改良效果的研究

当前,许多地区果园采用全园套种水土保持先锋植物进行果园的水土保持。本文研究了闽南花岗岩地区坡地果园改造为山边沟,同时全园套种百喜草的模式,对果园水土保持及土壤改良效果的作用。结果表明采用全园套种百喜草的山边沟果园的治理模式不仅能够有效地改善土壤通透性,提高土壤微生物数量,增强土壤酶生物活性,而且使土壤理化性状得到改善。同时,还能够有效减少土壤流失量、径流量,增加土壤保水、蓄水能力,起到良好的保持水土作用。